📚 Year 7 CCEA Psychology: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | Year 7 CCEA 心理学：公式定理速查手册
Psychology is full of patterns and models that can be expressed as simple ‘formulas’ to help you remember how the mind and behaviour work. This quick reference handbook translates key theories and concepts from the Year 7 CCEA Psychology course into easy-to-memorise equations. Think of these as the essential ‘theorems’ that summarise how we learn, remember, develop and cope with challenges.
心理学充满了可以用简单“公式”来表达的模式与模型，帮助你记住思维和行为如何运作。这份速查手册将 Year 7 CCEA 心理学课程中的关键理论和概念转化为易于记忆的等式。把它们看作概述我们如何学习、记忆、发展和应对挑战的基本“定理”。
1. The Memory Equation | 记忆方程
Encoding + Storage + Retrieval = Memory
For information to become a memory, it must first be encoded (changed into a brain-friendly format), then stored (held over time) and finally retrieved (brought back into consciousness). A breakdown at any stage means forgetting occurs. This simple equation captures the three essential processes identified in cognitive psychology.
信息要成为记忆，首先必须被编码（转换成大脑可用的格式），然后被存储（随时间保持），最后被提取（重新带入意识）。任何一个环节出问题都会导致遗忘。这个简单的方程概括了认知心理学中确定的三项基本过程。
2. Classical Conditioning Formula | 经典条件反射公式
UCS + NS → UCR → CS → CR
Pavlov’s dogs taught us that a neutral stimulus (NS), when paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that naturally triggers an unconditioned response (UCR), eventually becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that produces a conditioned response (CR) on its own. This formula shows how associations are learned.
巴甫洛夫的狗教会我们，一个中性刺激（NS）与能自然引发无条件反应（UCR）的无条件刺激（UCS）反复配对后，最终会变成条件刺激（CS），并独自引发条件反应（CR）。这个公式展示了联想是如何被学会的。
3. Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Law | 操作性条件反射强化法则
Behaviour + Consequence → Likelihood Change
According to Skinner, if a behaviour is followed by a pleasant consequence (positive reinforcement) or the removal of something unpleasant (negative reinforcement), that behaviour becomes more likely in the future. Punishment, on the other hand, decreases likelihood. The rule can be summarised as: Reward → Repeat; Punish → Reduce.
根据斯金纳的观点，如果行为之后跟随愉快的后果（正强化）或移除不愉快的事物（负强化），该行为将来更可能出现。相反，惩罚会降低行为发生的可能性。这条法则可以概括为：奖励 → 重复；惩罚 → 减少。
4. Yerkes-Dodson Law | 耶克斯-多德森定律
Performance = ∩(Arousal)
The Yerkes-Dodson Law describes an inverted-U relationship between arousal and performance. Too little arousal leads to boredom and poor focus; too much arousal causes anxiety and mistakes. Optimal performance occurs at a moderate level of arousal. This ‘formula’ reminds us that stress management is key for exams and sports.
耶克斯-多德森定律描述了唤醒水平与表现之间的倒 U 形关系。唤醒太低会导致无聊和注意力不集中；唤醒太高则引起焦虑和失误。最佳表现出现在中等唤醒水平。这个“公式”提醒我们，压力管理对应考和运动至关重要。
5. Multi-Store Model Formula | 多存储器模型公式
Sensory Register → STM ↔ LTM
Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed that information flows through three stores: the sensory register holds fleeting impressions, selected items transfer to short-term memory (STM) through attention, and rehearsal moves information into long-term memory (LTM). Retrieval brings memories back from LTM to STM, shown here as a two-way link.
阿特金森和希弗林提出信息流经三个存储器：感觉登记器保持瞬间印象，被注意选中的项目转移到短时记忆（STM），复述则将信息送入长时记忆（LTM）。提取可将记忆从 LTM 带回 STM，此处以双向链接表示。
6. Humanistic Self-Actualisation Equation | 人本主义自我实现方程
Congruence + Unconditional Positive Regard → Self-Actualisation
Carl Rogers believed that achieving our full potential (self-actualisation) depends on two conditions: congruence between our real self and ideal self, and receiving unconditional positive regard from others. When these are present, personal growth is possible. This equation highlights the core of humanistic psychology.
卡尔·罗杰斯认为，实现我们的全部潜能（自我实现）取决于两个条件：真实自我与理想自我之间的和谐一致，以及从他人那里获得无条件积极关注。当这两者具备时，个人成长便有可能。这个方程突出了人本主义心理学的核心。
7. Stress and Illness Risk Equation | 压力与疾病风险方程
Stress × Vulnerability = Illness Risk
The diathesis-stress model suggests that mental and physical illness rarely results from stress alone. Instead, risk depends on the interaction between stressful life events and a person’s underlying vulnerability (genetic, biological or psychological). High stress plus high vulnerability dramatically increases the chance of illness.
素质-压力模型表明，心理和生理疾病很少仅由压力导致。相反，风险取决于压力生活事件与个人内在脆弱性（遗传、生理或心理的）之间的相互作用。高压力加上高脆弱性会显著增加患病的可能性。
8. Social Learning Theory Imitation Formula | 社会学习理论模仿公式
Attention + Retention + Reproduction + Motivation = Imitation
Bandura argued that we learn by observing models. For imitation to occur, four mediational processes must be present: paying attention to the model, retaining what was observed, being capable of reproducing the behaviour, and having the motivation to imitate. This ‘formula’ explains how role models influence our actions.
班杜拉认为我们通过观察榜样来学习。模仿发生必须有四个中介过程：注意榜样、记住所观察到的、有能力再现该行为，以及有模仿的动机。这个“公式”解释了榜样如何影响我们的行为。
9. Attachment Formation Formula | 依恋形成公式
Sensitive Responsiveness → Secure Attachment
According to Bowlby and Ainsworth, the quality of the bond between an infant and caregiver is shaped by the caregiver’s ability to read and respond appropriately to the child’s signals. Consistently sensitive responsiveness leads to a secure attachment, which provides a foundation for healthy emotional development.
根据鲍尔比和安斯沃思，婴儿与照料者之间纽带的质量取决于照料者解读并恰当回应孩子信号的能力。持续而敏感的回应会形成安全型依恋，为健康的情感发展奠定基础。
10. Cognitive Dissonance Reduction Equation | 认知失调减少方程
Inconsistency → Tension → Change
Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory states that when we hold two conflicting beliefs or when our behaviour clashes with our attitudes, we experience mental discomfort (tension). To reduce this, we are motivated to change either the belief or the behaviour, or to add a new justifying cognition. The formula captures the drive for internal consistency.
费斯廷格的认知失调理论指出，当我们持有两种矛盾的信念，或行为与态度冲突时，会体验到心理不适（紧张）。为了减轻这种不适，我们会主动改变信念或行为，或者增加新的合理化认知。这个等式捕捉了我们追求内心一致的驱动力。
11. Development Stages Theorem | 发展阶段定理
Stage n + Crisis Resolution = Stage n+1
Erikson’s psychosocial theory can be thought of as a theorem where each life stage presents a crisis or conflict. Successfully resolving the crisis (for example, Trust vs. Mistrust in infancy) leads to a virtue and allows healthy progression to the next stage. Failure may result in difficulties later in life.
埃里克森的心理社会发展理论可以看作一个定理：每个人生阶段都会呈现一种危机或冲突。成功解决危机（如婴儿期的信任对不信任）会获得一种美德，并使个体健康地进入下一阶段。失败则可能导致日后生活困难。
12. Non-Verbal Communication Feedback Loop | 非语言沟通反馈回路
Facial Expression → Emotion Amplification → Social Response
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that our own facial expressions can influence our emotional experience. Smiling can make us feel happier, and frowning may intensify sadness. This creates a loop where expression, internal feeling and the reactions of others reinforce each other, forming a key part of social interaction.
面部反馈假说认为，我们自己的面部表情能影响情绪体验。微笑可能让我们更快乐，皱眉可能加重悲伤。这就形成了一个回路，表情、内心感受和他人的反应相互加强，构成社会互动的关键部分。
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