📚 Year 7 CCEA Sociology: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Guide | Year 7 CCEA 社会学：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your pocket guide for Year 7 CCEA Sociology. This handbook presents the most important ideas as clear ‘theorems’ or ‘formulas’ to help you understand society, social structures, socialisation and key perspectives.
欢迎使用 Year 7 CCEA 社会学速查手册。这本手册将最重要的社会学观点表述为清晰的“定理”或“公式”，帮助你理解社会、社会结构、社会化以及关键理论视角。
1. The Sociological Imagination | 社会学的想象力
Sociological Imagination = Personal Troubles + Public Issues
社会学的想象力 = 个人困扰 + 公共议题
Coined by C. Wright Mills, this tool reveals that many seemingly private problems are shaped by wider historical and social forces.
由米尔斯提出的这个概念揭示，许多看似私人的问题其实受到更广泛的历史和社会力量的影响。
2. The Socialisation Equation | 社会化方程
Socialisation = Primary Socialisation + Secondary Socialisation
社会化 = 初级社会化 + 次级社会化
Primary socialisation occurs in the early years, mainly within the family. Secondary socialisation takes place later through schools, peer groups and the media.
初级社会化发生在早年，主要在家庭内部。次级社会化随后通过学校、同伴群体和媒体发生。
3. The Culture Formula | 文化构成公式
Culture = Norms + Values + Language + Symbols
文化 = 规范 + 价值观 + 语言 + 符号
Norms are the expected ways of behaving; values are shared principles of what is right. Language and symbols give culture its shared meaning.
规范是期望的行为方式；价值观是关于对错的共同原则。语言和符号赋予文化共享的意义。
4. The Social Structure Model | 社会结构模型
Social Structure = Status + Roles + Institutions
社会结构 = 地位 + 角色 + 制度
Status refers to our position in society, roles are the behaviours expected from that position, and institutions are the organised patterns of relationships (e.g., family, education).
地位指我们在社会中的位置，角色是对该位置期望的行为，制度是有组织的关系模式（如家庭、教育）。
5. The Status Theorem | 地位定理
Status = Ascribed Status + Achieved Status
地位 = 先赋地位 + 自致地位
Ascribed status is given at birth (e.g., sex, ethnicity); achieved status is earned through effort (e.g., student, athlete).
先赋地位是生来就有的（如性别、种族）；自致地位是通过努力获得的（如学生、运动员）。
6. The Role Conflict Equation | 角色冲突方程
Role Conflict = Competing Demands from Different Roles
角色冲突 = 来自不同角色的竞争性要求
When a person holds multiple roles (e.g., parent and employee), the expectations of one role can clash with those of another, creating strain.
当一个人身兼多职（例如家长和雇员），一个角色的期望可能与另一个发生冲突，从而产生压力。
7. The Stratification Equation | 社会分层方程
Social Stratification = Class Inequality + Gender Inequality + Ethnic Inequality
社会分层 = 阶级不平等 + 性别不平等 + 种族不平等
Society is split into layers based on wealth (class), gender and ethnicity. These layers affect people’s life chances and access to resources.
社会根据财富（阶级）、性别和种族被分成不同层级。这些层级影响着人们的生活机会和资源获取。
8. Gender Role Socialisation Formula | 性别角色社会化公式
Gender Roles = Socialisation + Cultural Expectations
性别角色 = 社会化 + 文化期望
From a young age, family, toys, media and schools transmit ideas about how boys and girls ‘should’ behave. These are learned, not biological.
从幼年起，家庭、玩具、媒体和学校就传递关于男孩女孩“应如何”行为的观念。这些都是习得的，而非生物性的。
9. Core Theorem of Functionalism | 功能论核心定理
Social Stability = Σ Institutions performing their functions
社会稳定 = 各制度履行其功能的总和
Functionalists see society as a system where family, education, government and religion all work together like organs in a body to maintain order.
功能论者认为社会是一个系统，家庭、教育、政府和宗教像身体中的器官一样协作，以维持秩序。
10. Core Theorem of Conflict Theory | 冲突论核心定理
Social Conflict = Unequal Power + Unequal Resources
社会冲突 = 不平等的权力 + 不平等的资源
Conflict theories highlight that society is an arena of struggle between dominant and subordinate groups, driven by competition for wealth and power.
冲突论强调社会是统治集团与从属集团之间的斗争场域，由财富与权力的竞争驱动。
11. Deviance and Social Control Theorem | 偏差与社会控制定理
Deviance = Behaviour – Social Norms
偏差 = 行为 – 社会规范
Social Control = Formal Sanctions + Informal Sanctions
社会控制 = 正式惩罚 + 非正式惩罚
Deviance is any act that breaks shared rules. Society responds with formal controls (laws, police) and informal controls (family disapproval, peer pressure).
偏差指任何破坏共享规则的行为。社会通过正式控制（法律、警察）和非正式控制（家庭不认同、同伴压力）作出反应。
12. The Hidden Curriculum Formula | 隐性课程公式
Hidden Curriculum = Conformity + Obedience + Routine learned at school
隐性课程 = 在学校学到的服从、一致性与常规
Beyond academic subjects, schools teach values like punctuality, respect for authority and competition, which prepare students for the world of work.
除了学术科目，学校还教导守时、尊重权威、竞争等价值观，为学生的职场生活做好准备。
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