📚 Year 7 CCEA Statistics: Quick Memory Guide to Key Terms | Year 7 CCEA 统计：关键术语速记指南
Statistics in Year 7 is all about learning the language of data. Just like any new subject, the first step is to master the key words. This guide will help you understand and remember every important term you need in your CCEA Statistics lessons, with simple explanations and examples.
Year 7 的统计学就是学习数据的语言。就像任何新学科一样，第一步是掌握关键词汇。本指南将用简单的解释和例子，帮助你理解并记住 CCEA 统计学课程中每一个重要的术语。
1. What is Statistics? | 什么是统计学？
Statistics is the science of collecting, organising, presenting, analysing and interpreting data. Think of it as a detective’s toolkit for finding patterns and answering questions with numbers.
统计学是收集、整理、呈现、分析和解释数据的科学。可以把它想象成一个侦探工具箱，用数字发现规律并回答问题。
2. Data and Datasets | 数据与数据集
Data (the plural of datum) means pieces of information, often numbers or facts. A dataset is a collection of related data, like the heights of all students in your class. Data can be anything from shoe sizes to survey responses.
数据（datum 的复数）是指信息片段，通常是数字或事实。数据集是相关数据的集合，比如全班同学的身高。数据可以是鞋码、问卷调查答案等任何东西。
3. Primary vs Secondary Data | 一手数据与二手数据
Primary data is information you collect yourself, for your own purpose, such as conducting a class survey. Secondary data is data that has been collected by someone else, for example, statistics from a government website or a textbook table.
一手数据是你在调查中为了自己的目的亲自收集的信息，比如进行班级问卷调查。二手数据是别人已经收集好的数据，例如政府网站上的统计资料或教科书里的表格。
4. Discrete and Continuous Data | 离散数据与连续数据
Discrete data can only take specific, separate values – often whole numbers you can count. Examples: number of pets, goals scored, or pages in a book. Continuous data can take any value within a range and is usually measured. Examples: height, weight, temperature, or time.
离散数据只能取特定的、分开的值，通常是可以数出来的整数。例如：宠物数量、进球数、书本页数。连续数据可以在一个范围内取任何值，通常是测量得到的。例如：身高、体重、温度或时间。
5. Mean, Median, Mode – The Three Averages | 平均数、中位数、众数——三种集中趋势度量
The mean is the arithmetic average: sum of all values divided by the number of values. The median is the middle value when data is ordered from smallest to largest. The mode is the value that appears most often. (If two values appear most often, the data is bimodal.)
平均数是算术均值：所有数值之和除以数值个数。中位数是将数据从小到大排序后最中间的值。众数是出现次数最多的值（如果有两个值出现次数相同且最多，则数据是双众数）。
6. Range – A Measure of Spread | 极差——衡量分散程度的指标
The range is the difference between the largest value and the smallest value in a dataset. It tells you how spread out the data is. Range = largest value − smallest value.
极差是数据集中最大值与最小值的差。它告诉你数据的分散程度。极差 = 最大值 − 最小值。
7. Frequency and Frequency Tables | 频数与频数表
Frequency is the number of times a particular value or group appears. A frequency table lists data values (or groups) alongside their frequencies, making it easy to organise raw data before drawing graphs.
频数是某个特定值或组出现的次数。频数表将数据值（或分组）与其频数列在一起，便于在绘图前整理原始数据。
8. Tally Marks: The 5-Bar Gate | 计数符号：五条杠门
Tally marks are a quick way to record frequencies. Each stroke represents one item; the fifth stroke is drawn diagonally through the first four to make a gate of five. This makes counting much faster and less prone to error.
计数符号是快速记录频数的方法。每一竖杠代表一个项目；第五条杠斜穿前四条，形成一个“五条杠门”。这让计数更快，也不容易出错。
9. Bar Charts and Pictograms | 条形图与象形图
A bar chart uses rectangular bars of equal width to show frequencies for different categories or discrete data. Bars do not touch. A pictogram (or pictograph) uses small pictures or symbols to represent data; a key tells you what one picture stands for.
条形图用等宽的长方形条来表示不同类别或离散数据的频数。条与条之间不接触。象形图用小图片或符号代表数据；图例告诉你一个图片代表多少。
10. Pie Charts | 饼图
A pie chart is a circle divided into sectors (slices) that show proportions of a whole. The size of each sector angle (out of 360°) represents the fraction or percentage of each category. It is useful for comparing parts of a whole.
饼图是一个被划分为多个扇区（切片）的圆形，用于展示整体的比例。每个扇区的角度（总共 360°）代表了每个类别的分数或百分比。饼图适合比较整体中的各部分。
11. Outliers and Anomalies | 异常值与离群值
An outlier or anomaly is a value that lies well outside the rest of the data – much higher or much lower. Outliers can affect the mean but often tell interesting stories, so they should be checked for mistakes or understood as special cases.
异常值或离群值是远离其余数据的一个值——非常高或非常低。异常值可能影响平均数，但往往含有特殊信息，因此应检查是否记录错误，或将其作为特殊情况理解。
12. Hypothesis and Questionnaire | 假设与问卷
In statistics, a hypothesis is a statement you can test with data, for example, ‘Year 7 boys spend more time gaming than Year 7 girls.’ A questionnaire is a set of written questions used to gather primary data. Questions must be clear and unbiased.
在统计学中，假设是一个你可以用数据验证的说法，例如“七年级男生玩游戏的时间多于七年级女生”。问卷是一组用于收集一手数据的书面问题。问题必须清晰、无偏见。
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