📚 Year 7 CIE Chinese: Quick Reference Handbook of Language Patterns | Year 7 CIE 中文：公式定理速查手册
This handbook collects the most essential language rules and sentence patterns you need to master in Year 7 CIE Chinese. Think of these as ‘formulas’ that you can plug words into, just like in maths. Use this guide to review tones, pinyin, word order, question forms, and key grammatical structures. Each rule is explained in both English and Chinese to help you remember. Work through them carefully, and you will build a solid foundation for your Chinese study.
这本手册汇集了 Year 7 CIE 中文课程中必须掌握的核心语言规则和句型模式。你可以把这些规则看作数学中的“公式”，只要填入合适的词语就能造出正确的句子。用这份指南来复习声调、拼音、语序、疑问句形式和重要的语法结构。每条规则都配有英文和中文解释，帮助你加深记忆。认真学完这些内容，你将为中文学习打下扎实的基础。
1. The Four Tones and the Neutral Tone | 四声与轻声
The tone of a syllable determines its meaning. Mandarin has four main tones plus a neutral tone. Tones are marked above the main vowel in pinyin. Getting the tone wrong is like saying ‘bat’ instead of ‘pat’ – it changes the word completely. Practise with mā, má, mǎ, mà and ma.
一个音节的声调决定它的含义。普通话有四个基本声调和一个轻声。声调标注在拼音主要元音的上方。发错声调就像把 ‘bat’ 说成 ‘pat’，会完全改变词义。请用 mā、má、mǎ、mà 和 ma 来练习。
| Tone | Description | Example |
| 1st tone (¯) | High and level | mā 妈 (mother) |
| 2nd tone (´) | Rising, like asking a question | má 麻 (hemp) |
| 3rd tone (ˇ) | Falling then rising | mǎ 马 (horse) |
| 4th tone (ˋ) | Sharp falling, like an angry command | mà 骂 (to scold) |
| Neutral tone (no mark) | Light and short, unstressed | ma 吗 (question particle) |
2. Pinyin Spelling Rules | 拼音拼写规则
When you write pinyin, follow these formulas. If a syllable begins with i, u or ü, you must add or change the first letter. ü after j, q, x is written as u. iu, ui and un are shortcuts: liù (not liòu), guì (not guèi), lùn (not luèn). Also, tone marks sit on the main vowel; in iu and ui the mark goes on the last letter. Always separate syllables with a space, and capitalise the first letter of a sentence and proper names.
书写拼音时，请遵循这些拼写公式。如果音节以 i、u 或 ü 开头，必须加上或改写首字母。ü 在 j、q、x 后写成 u。iu、ui 和 un 是省略形式：liù（不是 liòu）、guì（不是 guèi）、lùn（不是 luèn）。此外，声调符号标在主要元音上；在 iu 和 ui 中，符号标在末尾字母上。音节之间用空格隔开，句子开头和专有名词的首字母要大写。
- i → yi: yī 一, yě 也
- u → wu: wǔ 五, wǒ 我
- ü → yu: yǔ 雨, yuè 月
- i alone → yi, but in, ing → yin, ying
- u alone → wu, but u + vowel → w + vowel: wǎn 晚, wèn 问
3. Basic Word Order: Subject + Verb + Object | 基本语序：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
Chinese sentences follow the pattern Subject – Verb – Object, just like English. However, time words and place words usually come before the verb, not at the end. Think of the formula: Subject + (Time) + (Place) + Verb + Object. For example, ‘Wǒ měitiān zài xuéxiào xuéxí Hànyǔ’ (I every day at school study Chinese).
中文句子遵循“主语—谓语—宾语”的顺序，这一点和英语一样。但是，时间词语和地点词语通常放在动词的前面，而不是句末。记住这个公式：主语 + (时间) + (地点) + 动词 + 宾语。例如：“我每天在学校学习汉语”。
S + Time + Place + V + O
- Wǒ měitiān zài jiā chī fàn. (I eat at home every day.) 我每天在家吃饭。
- Tā xiàwǔ zài túshūguǎn kàn shū. (He reads books in the library in the afternoon.) 他下午在图书馆看书。
4. Measure Words: Noun = Number + Measure Word + Noun | 量词：名词 = 数字 + 量词 + 名词
In Chinese, you cannot put a number directly before a noun. You need a measure word between them. The general formula is: Number + Measure Word + Noun. Different nouns use different measure words, and gè 个 is the most common one for people and many objects. Learn a few key measure words and you will sound much more natural.
在中文里，数字不能直接放在名词前面，中间必须加入一个量词。通用公式是：数字 + 量词 + 名词。不同的名词搭配不同的量词，“个”是最常用的，适用于人以及很多事物。学会几个关键词的量词，你的中文会听起来自然得多。
| Measure Word | Used For | Example |
| gè 个 | People, many objects | yī gè rén 一个人 (one person) |
| běn 本 | Books, notebooks | sān běn shū 三本书 (three books) |
| zhī 支 | Long, stick-like objects (pens) | liǎng zhī bǐ 两支笔 (two pens) |
| kǒu 口 | Family members | sì kǒu rén 四口人 (four family members) |
| jiàn 件 | Clothes, matters | liǎng jiàn yīfu 两件衣服 (two pieces of clothing) |
5. Yes/No Questions with ‘ma’ 吗 | 用“吗”的是非疑问句
The simplest way to turn a statement into a yes/no question is to add the particle ‘ma’ 吗 at the end. The formula is: Statement + ma? There is no need to change word order. For example, ‘Nǐ shì xuéshēng’ (You are a student) becomes ‘Nǐ shì xuéshēng ma?’ (Are you a student?).
把陈述句变成是非疑问句最简单的方法是在句尾加上语气词“吗”。公式是：陈述句 + 吗？ 不需要改变语序。例如，“你是学生”变成“你是学生吗？”。
- Nǐ hǎo ma? (How are you?) 你好吗？
- Tā chī bǎo le ma? (Has he eaten his fill?) 他吃饱了吗？
- Zhè shì nǐ de shū ma? (Is this your book?) 这是你的书吗？
6. Alternative Questions with ‘háishì’ 还是 | 用“还是”的选择疑问句
When offering a choice between two options, use ‘háishì’ 还是 to mean ‘or’. The pattern is: Option A + háishì + Option B? Never use ‘huòzhě’ 或者 in questions. ‘Háishì’ is exclusively for questions, while ‘huòzhě’ is used in statements.
当需要在两个选项中做出选择时，用“还是”表示“or”。句型是：选项A + 还是 + 选项B？ 问句中千万不要用“或者”。“还是”专门用于疑问句，而“或者”用于陈述句。
- Nǐ yào chá háishì kāfēi? (Do you want tea or coffee?) 你要茶还是咖啡？
- Nǐ xǐhuan māo háishì gǒu? (Do you like cats or dogs?) 你喜欢猫还是狗？
- Wǒmen qù túshūguǎn háishì jiàoshì? (Shall we go to the library or the classroom?) 我们去图书馆还是教室？
7. Question Words: What, Who, Where, When, Why, How | 疑问词：什么、谁、哪儿、什么时候、为什么、怎么
Question words go exactly where the answer would be; the word order does not change. This is a crucial formula: Statement word order + question word. For example, ‘He is my friend’ → ‘He is who?’ = ‘Tā shì shéi?’ (Who is he?). You do not need to move the question word to the front.
疑问词放在答句对应的位置上，不需要改变语序。这是一个关键公式：陈述句语序 + 疑问词。例如，“他是我的朋友” → “他是谁？”。不需要把疑问词提前。
| Question Word | Meaning | Example |
| shénme 什么 | what | Nǐ xǐhuan chī shénme? (What do you like to eat?) 你喜欢吃什么？ |
| shéi / shuí 谁 | who | Nà ge rén shì shéi? (Who is that person?) 那个人是谁？ |
| nǎr / nǎlǐ 哪儿/哪里 | where | Nǐ qù nǎr? (Where are you going?) 你去哪儿？ |
| shénme shíhou 什么时候 | when | Nǐ shénme shíhou kāishǐ shàngkè? (When do you start class?) 你什么时候开始上课？ |
| wèishénme 为什么 | why | Nǐ wèishénme bù gāoxìng? (Why are you unhappy?) 你为什么不高兴？ |
| zěnme 怎么 | how | Nǐ zěnme qù xuéxiào? (How do you go to school?) 你怎么去学校？ |
8. Negation: Bù 不 and Méi 没 | 否定式：不和没
Negation in Chinese follows the formula: Subject + bù/méi + Verb + (Object). Use ‘bù’ 不 for present, future and habitual actions, and before adjectives. Use ‘méi’ 没 (or ‘méiyǒu’ 没有) to negate past actions or the verb ‘yǒu’ 有 (to have). Never say ‘bù yǒu’, always ‘méiyǒu’.
中文的否定式遵循这个公式：主语 + 不/没 + 动词 +（宾语）。“不”用于现在、将来和习惯性的动作，也用在形容词前。“没”（或“没有”）用于否定过去的动作或动词“有”。绝对不能说“不有”，一定要用“没有”。
- Wǒ bù xǐhuan kàn diànshì. (I don’t like watching TV.) 我不喜欢看电视。
- Tā bù gāo. (He is not tall.) 他不高。
- Wǒ méi qù xuéxiào. (I didn’t go to school.) 我没去学校。
- Wǒ méiyǒu gǒu. (I don’t have a dog.) 我没有狗。
9. Expressing Ongoing Actions: Zài 在 and Zhe 着 | 进行态：在和着
To show that an action is in progress, use ‘zài’ 在 before the verb, or ‘zhe’ 着 after the verb. The formula is: Subject + zài + Verb + (Object) – OR – Subject + Verb + zhe + (Object). ‘Zài’ focuses on the action happening right now, while ‘zhe’ often describes a continuous state or a static situation. They cannot usually be combined together in one clause.
要表示一个动作正在进行，可以用动词前的“在”或者动词后的“着”。公式是：主语 + 在 + 动词 +（宾语）——或者——主语 + 动词 + 着 +（宾语）。“在”强调动作此刻正在进行，“着”通常描述持续的状态或静止的情景。两者一般不能同时出现在一个分句里。
- Tā zài zuò zuòyè. (She is doing homework.) 她在做作业。
- Wǒmen zài shàngkè. (We are having class.) 我们在上课。
- Mén kāi zhe. (The door is open.) 门开着。
- Tā ná zhe yī běn shū. (He is holding a book.) 他拿着一本书。
10. Completed Actions: Le 了 for Past and Change | 完成与变化：了
The particle ‘le’ 了 has two main uses. First, after a verb to indicate a completed action: Subject + Verb + le + Object. Second, at the end of a sentence to indicate a change of state or a new situation: Sentence + le. Often both are used together. The negative form for completed action uses ‘méi’ 没 and drops ‘le’.
语气词“了”有两个主要用法。一是用在动词后表示动作完成：主语 + 动词 + 了 + 宾语。二是用在句尾表示情况的变化：句子 + 了。很多时候两者一起出现。完成动作的否定形式用“没”，并且去掉“了”。
- Wǒ chī le zǎofàn. (I ate breakfast.) 我吃了早饭。 → Wǒ méi chī zǎofàn. (I didn’t eat breakfast.) 我没吃早饭。
- Xià yǔ le. (It’s raining now — change of state.) 下雨了。
- Tā gāo le. (He has grown taller.) 他高了。
- Wǒ yǐjīng zuò wán le. (I’ve already finished it.) 我已经做完了。
11. The ‘De’ 的 Particle for Possession and Description | 结构助词“的”
The particle ‘de’ 的 is used to show possession or to link a description to a noun. Its formula: Owner/Description + de + Noun. When the owner is a pronoun and the noun refers to a close relation or institution, ‘de’ can often be omitted. Also, adjectives of more than one syllable usually need ‘de’ before a noun.
助词“的”用来表示所属关系或把描述语与名词连接起来。公式是：拥有者/描述语 + 的 + 名词。当代词表示拥有者，而后面的名词是亲密关系或机构时，“的”可以省略。此外，多音节形容词放在名词前通常需要加“的”。
- Wǒ de shū (my book) 我的书
- Māma de péngyou (mum’s friend) 妈妈的朋友
- Piàoliang de yīfu (beautiful clothes) 漂亮的衣服
- Wǒ māma (my mum – close relation, de omitted) 我妈妈
12. Key Sentence Patterns: Xiǎng 想, Yào 要, Huì 会, Néng 能 | 核心句型：想、要、会、能
Master these four auxiliary verbs, as they appear in many Year 7 topics. They follow the same formula: Subject + Auxiliary + Verb + Object. ‘Xiǎng’ 想 means ‘would like to / want to (desire)’. ‘Yào’ 要 means ‘want / be going to’. ‘Huì’ 会 means ‘can (learned skill) / will’. ‘Néng’ 能 means ‘can (ability / possibility)’. Do not confuse ‘huì’ (know how to) and ‘néng’ (circumstantially able to).
掌握这四个助动词，因为它们出现在 Year 7 的很多话题中。它们都遵循相同的公式：主语 + 助动词 + 动词 + 宾语。“想”表示“想要/希望（意愿）”。“要”表示“想要/将要”。“会”表示“会（通过学习获得的技能）/将会”。“能”表示“能（能力/可能性）”。要分清“会”（知道怎么做）和“能”（条件允许）。
- Wǒ xiǎng hē shuǐ. (I would like to drink water.) 我想喝水。
- Míngtiān wǒ yào qù Běijīng. (Tomorrow I am going to Beijing.) 明天我要去北京。
- Wǒ huì shuō yīdiǎn Hànyǔ. (I can speak a little Chinese.) 我会说一点汉语。
- Wǒ bù néng lái, yīnwèi wǒ yǒu shì. (I cannot come because I’m busy.) 我不能来，因为我有事。
Published by TutorHao | Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com
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