📚 Year 7 CIE Geography: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 7 CIE 地理：词汇术语速记指南
Geography can be full of fascinating but tricky vocabulary. This guide is designed to help Year 7 students quickly memorise the key terms they need for CIE Geography. By breaking down each word with simple definitions, clever memory prompts, and paired explanations, you can build a strong foundation for your geographical studies. Let’s turn those new words into lasting knowledge!
地理学充满了有趣但棘手的词汇。本指南旨在帮助 Year 7 学生快速记忆 CIE 地理所需的关键术语。通过将每个词拆解成简单的定义、巧妙的记忆提示和配对的中英文解释，你可以为自己的地理学习打下坚实的基础。让我们把这些生词变成持久的记忆吧！
1. Continents and Oceans | 大洲与大洋
Continent: A continent is a massive, continuous expanse of land, generally separated by oceans. The world has seven recognised continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia (Oceania).
大陆：大陆是被海洋隔开的大片连续陆地。世界上公认有七个大洲：亚洲、非洲、北美洲、南美洲、南极洲、欧洲和大洋洲（包括太平洋岛屿时常统称为大洋洲）。
Ocean: An ocean is a vast body of saltwater that covers most of Earth’s surface. There are five main oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic.
海洋：海洋是覆盖地球表面大部分的广阔咸水体。主要有五大洋：太平洋、大西洋、印度洋、南大洋（南冰洋）和北冰洋。
Memory hack: To remember the seven continents, try the sentence ‘All Apes Always Eat Nine Strawberries’ (Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia). For the five oceans, think ‘PAISA’ (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, Arctic).
记忆妙招：记住七大洲可用顺口溜“亚非北南美，南极欧大洋”。五大洋可以想象成“太平大印南和北”（太平洋、大西洋、印度洋、南冰洋、北冰洋）。
2. Key Lines on Earth: Latitude and Longitude | 地球上的关键线：纬度和经度
Latitude: Lines of latitude run horizontally around the globe. They measure how far north or south a place is from the Equator, in degrees (°). The Equator is 0° latitude.
纬度：纬线在地球上水平延伸。它们测量某地距离赤道的南北方向，以度数表示。赤道为0°纬线。
Longitude: Lines of longitude (meridians) run from the North Pole to the South Pole. They measure how far east or west a place is from the Prime Meridian (0° longitude).
经度：经线（子午线）从北极延伸到南极。它们测量某地距离本初子午线的东西方向，本初子午线为0°经线。
Equator: The imaginary line at 0° latitude that divides Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
赤道：0°纬线的假想线，将地球分为北半球和南半球。
Prime Meridian: The line of 0° longitude, passing through Greenwich, UK. It divides Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
本初子午线：0°经线，穿过英国格林尼治。它将地球分为东半球和西半球。
Memory hack: ‘Latitude is flat’ (lines are like rungs of a ladder). Longitude lines are tall and meet at the poles. ‘Eq-uator’ reminds you of ‘equal’ halves.
记忆妙招：“纬度”像梯子的横档，平平的；“经度”线条很长，会在两极汇集。赤道的英文 Equator 与“均分(equal)”发音相近。
3. Hemispheres and Important Parallels | 半球和重要的纬线圈
Hemisphere: Half of a sphere. The Earth can be divided into the Northern/Southern Hemisphere by the Equator, or the Eastern/Western Hemisphere by the Prime Meridian.
半球：球体的一半。地球可由赤道分为北半球和南半球，或由本初子午线分为东半球和西半球。
Tropic of Cancer: Latitude line at 23.5° North. The Sun is directly overhead here on the June solstice (around 21 June).
北回归线：位于北纬23.5°的纬线。夏至（约6月21日）时太阳直射此处。
Tropic of Capricorn: Latitude line at 23.5° South. The Sun is directly overhead on the December solstice (around 21 December).
南回归线：位于南纬23.5°的纬线。冬至（约12月21日）时太阳直射此处。
Arctic Circle: Latitude line at 66.5° North. It marks the boundary where the midnight sun and polar night occur.
北极圈：北纬66.5°的纬线。它标志着极昼和极夜发生的边界。
Antarctic Circle: Latitude line at 66.5° South, opposite the Arctic Circle.
南极圈：南纬66.5°的纬线，与北极圈相对称。
4. Map Reading Skills: Scale, Symbols and Direction | 地图阅读技能：比例尺、图例和方向
Map Scale: The scale shows the ratio between a distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground, e.g. 1:50 000 means 1 cm on the map = 50 000 cm (0.5 km) in reality.
地图比例尺：比例尺显示地图上的距离与地面实际距离的比值，例如 1:50 000 表示地图上 1 厘米代表实际 50 000 厘米（0.5 公里）。
Legend (Key): The legend explains the symbols and colours used on a map. A small aeroplane might show an airport; a blue area often indicates a lake or sea.
图例：图例解释地图上使用的符号和颜色。小飞机可能代表机场；蓝色区域通常表示湖泊或海洋。
Compass Directions: The four cardinal points are North, South, East, West. In between are NE, SE, SW, NW. ‘Never Eat Shredded Wheat’ helps you recall the clockwise order starting from North.
指南针方向：四个基本方位是北、南、东、西。之间还有东北、东南、西南、西北。英文可用“Never Eat Soggy Waffles”帮助记忆顺时针顺序。
Contour Lines: Brown lines on an OS map that join points of equal height. Closely spaced contours indicate a steep slope; widely spaced contours show gentle slopes or flat land.
等高线：地形图上连接相同高度的棕色线条。等高线密集表示陡坡；稀疏表示缓坡或平坦地形。
5. Weather vs Climate: Knowing the Difference | 天气与气候：区分差异
Weather: The short-term state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. It includes elements like temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and cloud cover. Weather can change from hour to hour.
天气：特定时间和地点的大气短期状态。它包括温度、降水、风速和云量等要素。天气可能每小时都在变化。
Climate: The average weather conditions of an area over a long period, typically 30 years. Climate tells you what type of clothes to pack for a holiday; weather tells you what to wear today.
气候：一个地区长期（通常30年）的平均天气状况。气候告诉你度假该带什么类型的衣服；天气告诉你今天该穿什么。
Temperature: A measure of how hot or cold the air is, usually given in degrees Celsius (°C).
温度：衡量空气冷热的指标，通常以摄氏度 (°C) 表示。
Precipitation: Any form of water falling from the atmosphere to the ground — rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
降水：从大气中降落到地面的任何形式的水——雨、雪、雨夹雪或冰雹。
6. Types of Rainfall | 降水类型
Relief (Orographic) Rainfall: Occurs when warm, moist air is forced to rise over high land (hills or mountains). As the air rises, it cools, condenses into clouds, and releases rain on the windward side. The leeward side experiences a rain shadow.
地形雨：暖湿空气被迫上升越过高地（丘陵或山脉）时发生。空气上升冷却、凝结成云，并在迎风坡释放降雨。背风坡则处于雨影区。
Convectional Rainfall:
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