📚 Year 7 CIE Law: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | CIE七年级法律：词汇术语速记指南
Legal language can feel like a foreign code at first, but once you learn the key words, everything starts to click. This guide breaks down the essential terms you will meet in your first year of CIE Law, pairing each with a quick memory trick so you can recall them confidently in class and in assessments.
法律语言起初可能像一门外语密码，但一旦掌握关键词，一切就会豁然开朗。本指南分解了你在CIE法律一年级会遇到的核心术语，每个术语都配有快速记忆技巧，帮助你在课堂和考试中自信地回想起来。
1. Law and Legal System | 法律与法律体系
Law – A set of rules created and enforced by the state to keep order and deliver justice. Think of it as the official ‘playbook’ for society.
法律 – 由国家制定并强制执行的一套规则，旨在维持秩序和伸张正义。可把它看作社会的官方“游戏规则手册”。
Legal System – The whole framework of courts, judges, procedures and laws that operate within a country. In England and Wales, the system features statute law made by Parliament and common law developed by judges.
法律体系 – 一个国家内运作的法院、法官、程序和法律的总框架。在英格兰和威尔士，这一体系由议会制定的成文法以及法官发展的普通法共同构成。
Rule of Law – The principle that everyone, including the government, must obey the law and that no one is above it. Picture a giant umbrella over every person and institution, keeping them equally protected and accountable.
法治 – 任何人都必须遵守法律、没有任何人可以凌驾于法律之上的原则。想象一把巨大的雨伞，覆盖着每一个人和机构，使他们平等受到保护并承担责任。
2. Sources of Law | 法律的渊源
Statute / Act of Parliament – A written law passed by both Houses of Parliament and given Royal Assent. Conjure up the image of a ‘statue’ that is cast in stone – solid, visible and permanent.
成文法 / 议会法案 – 由议会两院通过并获得御准的书面法律。联想一座“雕像”（statue发音近似），由石头铸成，坚固、可见且永久。
Common Law – Law developed by judges through the decisions of courts in past cases, also known as case law or precedent. Remember it as ‘common sense’ refined over centuries by judges.
普通法 – 法官通过过去案件判决发展起来的法律，也称判例法或先例。记住它是历代法官提炼出来的“常识”。
Delegated Legislation – Laws made by individuals or bodies to whom Parliament has given law-making power, such as government ministers. Think of Parliament ‘delegating’ a task like a teacher handing out group work.
授权立法 – 由议会授予立法权的个人或机构（如政府部长）制定的法律。想象议会“授权”一项任务，就像老师分配小组作业。
3. The Court Structure | 法院结构
Magistrates’ Court – The lowest criminal court, handling minor offences (summary offences) and preliminary hearings for more serious ones. Link it to the word ‘magistrate’ – a ‘magistrate’ manages minor matters.
治安法院 – 最低级别的刑事法院，处理轻微罪行（简易程序罪行）以及对更严重罪行的初步聆讯。将magistrate（治安法官）与“manage minor matters”（管理小案）巧妙关联。
Crown Court – Deals with serious criminal cases (indictable offences) and appeals from Magistrates’ Court. The crown symbolises the state’s authority in serious matters.
刑事法院 – 处理严重刑事案件（可公诉罪行）及来自治安法院的上诉。皇冠标志象征着国家在重大事件中的权威。
County Court and High Court – Civil courts dealing with disputes between individuals or organisations. County Court handles lower-value claims; High Court deals with complex or high-value cases. Imagine a county being a smaller area, so smaller disputes.
郡法院和高等法院 – 处理个人或组织之间纠纷的民事法院。郡法院处理较低金额的索赔；高等法院处理复杂或高额案件。想象一个郡是较小的区域，所以争议也较小。
4. Key Personnel in Court | 法庭中的关键人员
Judge – A legal professional who presides over court proceedings, rules on points of law, and often imposes sentences or awards remedies. Visualise a referee in a sports match – the judge ensures fair play.
法官 – 主持法庭审理、就法律问题作出裁决并通常判刑或给予补救措施的法律专业人士。想象体育比赛中的裁判——法官确保公平竞争。
Barrister – A lawyer who specialises in courtroom advocacy and provides specialist legal advice. Barristers often wear wigs and gowns; think of them as ‘barstars’ of the courtroom drama.
出庭律师 – 专门从事法庭辩护并提供专业法律意见的律师。出庭律师通常穿戴假发和长袍；可将他们视为法庭戏剧的“闪耀明星”（barristers词首bar可联想“bravo”）。
Solicitor – A lawyer who deals directly with clients, preparing cases and instructing barristers for court. By sound, a solicitor ‘solicits’ (gathers) all the facts before handing over to a barrister.
事务律师 – 直接与客户打交道、准备案件并指示出庭律师出庭的律师。从发音联想，事务律师在将案件移交给出庭律师之前，像“solicit”（收集）所有事实。
5. Civil Law Basics | 民法基础
Claimant – The person bringing a civil case, previously called a plaintiff. Imagine someone holding up a ‘claim ticket’ asking for what they believe they are owed.
原告 – 提起民事诉讼的人，以前称为plaintiff。想象某人举着一张“索赔单”（claim ticket），索要他们认为应得的东西。
Defendant – The person or organisation being sued or accused in court. The defendant must ‘defend’ themselves against the claim or charge.
被告 – 在法庭上被起诉或控告的个人或组织。被告必须“辩护”（defend）自己以应对索赔或指控。
Standard of Proof (Civil) – The balance of probabilities; the case must be more likely than not to have occurred. Picture a seesaw tipping slightly – just over 50% wins the case.
证明标准（民事） – 相对可能性衡量；案件发生的可能性必须大于不可能。想象一个跷跷板微微倾斜——只要超过50%，案件就胜诉。
6. Criminal Law Essentials | 刑法要点
Prosecution – The legal party bringing criminal charges against the accused, usually the state (Crown Prosecution Service in England). The prefix ‘pro-‘ means forward, so the prosecution moves the case forward against the defendant.
检控方 – 对被告提起刑事指控的法律一方，通常是国家（在英格兰为皇家检察署）。前缀“pro-”意为向前，检控方推动案件向前进行，针对被告。
Burden of Proof – The duty to prove the facts of the case; in criminal law it lies on the prosecution. A ‘burden’ is a heavy load — the prosecution must carry this load and prove guilt.
举证责任 – 证明案件事实的义务；在刑法中，这一义务落在检控方身上。“Burden”是重担——检控方必须背负这一重担并证明被告有罪。
Beyond Reasonable Doubt – The criminal standard of proof; the prosecution must leave no reasonable doubt in the jury’s mind of the defendant’s guilt. Think of a lock with every pin perfectly aligned — no doubt remains.
超越合理怀疑 – 刑事证明标准；检控方必须使陪审团对被告的罪行没有任何合理怀疑。想象一把所有弹子都完美对齐的锁——没有任何怀疑余地。
7. Offences and Liability | 罪行与法律责任
Actus Reus – Latin for ‘guilty act’; the physical element of a crime, such as taking property or hitting someone. Picture the ‘act’ part of a movie scene: what you actually see happening.
犯罪行为 – 拉丁语“有罪行为”；犯罪的物理要素，如拿走财产或击打某人。想象电影场景中的“动作”部分：你实际看到发生的事情。
Mens Rea – Latin for ‘guilty mind’; the mental element, like intention or recklessness. Think of ‘mens’ sounding like ‘mental’, and ‘rea’ as ‘reason’ – the mental reason behind the act.
犯罪心理 – 拉丁语“有罪心理”；心理要素，如意图或鲁莽。联想“mens”像“mental”（心理），“rea”像“reason”（缘由）——行为背后的心理缘由。
Strict Liability – Offences where no guilty mind needs to be proved, such as selling alcohol to minors. Only the act matters. Remember: the law is ‘strict’ — no excuses accepted.
严格责任 – 无需证明有罪心理的罪行，如向未成年人出售酒精。只有行为才重要。记住：法律在这里很“严格”——不接受借口。
8. Contract and Tort Law | 合同与侵权法
Contract – A legally binding agreement between two or more parties, creating rights and duties. Imagine a ‘tract’ that pulls parties together — a contract ties them by promises.
合同 – 两个或以上当事方之间具有法律约束力的协议，产生权利和义务。想象一条“纽带”（tract），将双方拉在一起——合同通过承诺将他们捆绑。
Tort – A civil wrong (other than breach of contract) that causes harm, leading to a claim for damages. The word sounds like ‘tortoise’ – harm often crawls in slowly but leaves a heavy mark.
侵权 – 导致损害并引发损害赔偿请求的民事过错（非违约行为）。单词发音像“tortoise”（乌龟）——伤害往往像乌龟般缓慢爬入，却留下沉重印记。
Negligence – Failing to take reasonable care to avoid foreseeable harm. Break it into ‘neg’ (negative) and ‘ligence’ like ‘diligence’ – negative diligence, i.e. a lack of proper care.
过失 – 未能采取合理注意以避免可预见的损害。拆分为“neg”（否定）和“ligence”像“diligence”（勤奋）——否定的勤奋，即缺乏应有的注意。
9. Remedies and Sentencing | 救济与量刑
Damages – Money awarded to a claimant in a civil case to compensate for loss or injury. Think of ‘damage’ – the money repairs the damage done.
损害赔偿金 – 民事案件中判给原告以补偿损失或伤害的金钱。联想“damage”（损害）——金钱修复了造成的损害。
Injunction – A court order requiring a party to do or not do something. In a movie, when a character shouts ‘injunction!’, everything stops – exactly what an injunction does.
禁制令 – 法院要求一方当事人做或不得做某事的命令。在电影中，当一个角色喊出“injunction!”，一切都会停下来——这正是禁制令的作用。
Custodial Sentence – Imprisonment as punishment for a crime. ‘Custody’ means being kept; so a custodial sentence keeps someone in prison.
监禁刑 – 作为犯罪惩罚的监禁。“Custody”意为被关押，所以监禁刑就是将某人关在监狱里。
10. Alternative Dispute Resolution | 替代性纠纷解决方式
Mediation – A neutral third party helps disputing parties reach their own agreement. Mediator = ‘middle’ person bringing sides together.
调解 – 中立的第三方帮助争议双方达成他们自己的协议。调解员 = 将双方拉近的“中间”人。
Arbitration – A private process where an arbitrator makes a binding decision. Think of an ‘arbitrator’ as an ‘arbiter’ in a sports contest – the final decision-maker.
仲裁 – 由仲裁员作出具有约束力决定的私人程序。将“arbitrator”看作体育比赛中的“裁判”——最终的决策者。
Negotiation – Direct discussion between parties to settle a dispute without third-party help. The word reminds us of ‘negotiating’ a price at a market – give and take to reach a result.
协商 – 双方直接讨论解决纠纷，无需第三方协助。这个词让我们联想起在市场上“议价”——通过给予和索取达成结果。
11. Legal Reasoning and Precedent | 法律推理与先例
Precedent – An earlier court decision that must be followed by lower courts in similar future cases. Imagine a ‘president’ setting an example that everyone else follows.
先例 – 较低级别法院在今后类似案件中必须遵循的先前法院判决。想象一位“总统”（president发音相近）树立了一个榜样，其他人都要遵循。
Ratio Decidendi – Latin for ‘the reason for the decision’; the binding part of a precedent. The ‘ratio’ is the core logic, like the golden thread.
判决理由 – 拉丁语“决定的理由”；先例中具有约束力的部分。“Ratio”是核心逻辑，就像一条金线。
Obiter Dicta – Latin for ‘things said by the way’; judges’ remarks that are not binding but may be persuasive. ‘Obiter’ sounds like ‘orbit’ – these are comments circling around the main ratio, not central.
附带意见 – 拉丁语“顺便说的话”；法官不具有约束力但可能具有说服力的言论。“Obiter”听起来像“orbit”（轨道）——这些是围绕主要判决理由的评论，并非中心。
12. Human Rights and Fundamental Principles | 人权与基本原则
Human Rights – Basic rights and freedoms to which all persons are entitled, such as the right to life and a fair trial. Picture a heart-shaped right symbol, beating equally for every human.
人权 – 所有人都有权享有的基本权利和自由，如生命权和公平审判权。想象一个心形的权利符号，为每一个人类同等跳动。
Equality Before the Law – The principle that all persons are subject to the same laws and receive the same treatment. Scales of justice weigh everyone’s actions on the same balance.
法律面前人人平等 – 所有人都服从同样的法律并得到同样待遇的原则。正义的天平用同一天平衡量每个人的行为。
Presumption of Innocence – In criminal law, a person is considered innocent until proven guilty. Picture an ‘innocent’ tag worn until the prosecution can pull it off with solid proof.
无罪推定 – 在刑法中，任何人在被证明有罪之前皆视为无罪。想象一个“清白”标签佩戴在身上，直到检控方用确凿证据将其摘除。
Published by TutorHao | Law Revision Series | aleveler.com
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