📚 Year 7 Edexcel Biology: Formula and Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 7 Edexcel 生物：公式定理速查手册
This handbook provides a concise summary of the essential formulas, equations, and key theorems covered in the Year 7 Edexcel Biology curriculum. Each core concept is clearly stated in English and immediately followed by its Chinese translation, helping bilingual learners to master the subject efficiently.
这本手册简明总结了 Year 7 Edexcel 生物课程中的基本公式、方程式和关键定理。每个核心概念都先用英文阐述，紧接着提供中文翻译，帮助双语学习者高效掌握本学科内容。
1. The Seven Life Processes (MRS GREN) | 七大生命过程 (MRS GREN)
All living organisms share seven fundamental life processes, often remembered by the acronym MRS GREN. These processes define what it means to be alive.
所有生物都具有七大基本生命过程，常用首字母缩写 MRS GREN 来记忆。这些过程定义了什么是生命。
Movement is the ability of an organism to change its position or move parts of its body.
运动是生物改变其位置或移动身体部位的能力。
Respiration is the chemical reaction that releases energy from food in all living cells.
呼吸是发生在所有活细胞中、从食物释放能量的化学反应。
Sensitivity is the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external environment.
感应是探测并响应内、外部环境变化的能力。
Growth is the permanent increase in size and mass by increasing cell number or cell size.
生长是通过增加细胞数量或细胞体积而使尺寸和重量永久增加的过程。
Reproduction is the production of new offspring, either sexually or asexually.
繁殖是通过有性或无性方式产生新后代的过程。
Excretion is the removal of toxic waste products produced by metabolism from the body.
排泄是从体内清除新陈代谢产生的有毒废物的过程。
Nutrition is the intake of nutrients and energy from the surroundings for growth and repair.
营养是从环境中摄取养分和能量，用于生长和修复的过程。
2. Structure of Animal and Plant Cells | 动植物细胞的结构
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. Animal and plant cells share common organelles but also possess key differences.
细胞是生命的基本结构和功能单位。动物细胞和植物细胞既有共同的细胞器，也有明显的区别。
| Feature | Animal Cell | Plant Cell |
| Nucleus | Present | Present |
| Cytoplasm | Present | Present |
| Cell membrane | Present | Present |
| Mitochondria | Present | Present |
| Ribosomes | Present | Present |
| Cell wall | Absent | Present (made of cellulose) |
| Chloroplasts | Absent | Present (in many green parts) |
| Large permanent vacuole | Absent (small temporary ones) | Present (contains cell sap) |
The nucleus controls all chemical reactions and contains genetic material (DNA).
细胞核控制所有化学反应，并含有遗传物质 (DNA)。
The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions occur.
细胞质是果冻状物质，大多数化学反应在其中进行。
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell.
细胞膜是选择性通透的屏障，控制物质进出细胞。
Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration, releasing energy for the cell.
线粒体是有氧呼吸的场所，为细胞释放能量。
Ribosomes are tiny structures where proteins are made (protein synthesis).
核糖体是微小的结构，是蛋白质合成的地方。
Only plant cells have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, which provides support and shape.
只有植物细胞具有由纤维素构成的坚硬细胞壁，它提供支持和固定形状。
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.
叶绿体含有叶绿素，是光合作用的场所，将光能转化为化学能。
The large permanent vacuole in plant cells stores cell sap and helps maintain turgor pressure.
植物细胞中的大液泡储存细胞液，并帮助维持膨压。
3. Levels of Organisation: Cells to Systems | 组织层次：从细胞到系统
In multicellular organisms, cells are organised into hierarchical levels to perform specific functions efficiently.
在多细胞生物中，细胞按层级组织起来，以高效执行特定功能。
A cell is the smallest unit of life. For example, a red blood cell carries oxygen.
细胞是生命的最小单位。例如，红细胞携带氧气。
A tissue is a group of similar cells working together. For example, muscle tissue can contract.
组织是一群相似细胞协同工作的集合体。例如，肌肉组织能够收缩。
An organ is made of different tissues that work together to perform a specific job. For example, the heart pumps blood.
器官由不同的组织构成，共同完成特定任务。例如，心脏泵送血液。
An organ system is a group of organs that work together to carry out major bodily functions. For example, the digestive system breaks down food.
器官系统是一组器官协同工作，执行人体的主要功能。例如，消化系统分解食物。
The hierarchical organisation—cells → tissues → organs → organ systems—is a fundamental theorem of biology.
细胞 → 组织 → 器官 → 器官系统的层级结构是生物学的一项基本定理。
4. Photosynthesis Word Equation | 光合作用文字方程
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This process takes place in chloroplasts and requires chlorophyll.
光合作用是绿色植物及一些其他生物利用光能，将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。该过程发生在叶绿体中，需要叶绿素参与。
The word equation for photosynthesis is: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen (in the presence of light and chlorophyll).
光合作用的文字方程为：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气（需要光与叶绿素）。
The balanced chemical equation can also be written as: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
平衡化学方程式也可写为：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。
Glucose produced during photosynthesis is either used immediately for respiration or stored as starch for later use.
光合作用产生的葡萄糖可立即用于呼吸作用，或转化为淀粉储存起来备用。
5. Aerobic Respiration Word Equation | 有氧呼吸文字方程
Respiration is the process that releases energy from glucose in every living cell. It is not the same as breathing. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and produces a large amount of energy.
呼吸作用是从每个活细胞的葡萄糖中释放能量的过程，它与呼吸（通气）不同。有氧呼吸利用氧气，产生大量能量。
The word equation for aerobic respiration is: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy released).
有氧呼吸的文字方程为：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 释放的能量）。
The balanced chemical equation is: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (ATP).
平衡化学方程式为：C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 能量 (ATP)。
Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration, and the energy released is used for movement, growth, and keeping warm.
线粒体是有氧呼吸的场所，释放的能量用于运动、生长和保持体温。
6. Microscope Magnification Formula | 显微镜放大倍数公式
A light microscope uses two lenses to magnify small objects. The total magnification is the product of the individual magnifications of the eyepiece and the objective lens.
光学显微镜使用两个透镜来放大微小物体。总放大倍数是目镜放大倍数与物镜放大倍数的乘积。
The formula is: Total magnification = eyepiece magnification × objective magnification.
公式为：总放大倍数 = 目镜放大倍数 × 物镜放大倍数。
For example, if the eyepiece is ×10 and the objective lens is ×40, the total magnification is 10 × 40 = ×400.
例如，如果目镜为 ×10，物镜为 ×40，则总放大倍数为 10 × 40 = ×400。
Remember that magnification does not equal resolution. Magnification makes an image larger, but resolution reveals fine detail.
请注意，放大倍数不等于分辨率。放大倍数使图像变大，而分辨率展示细微细节。
7. Food Chains and Energy Transfer | 食物链与能量传递
A food chain shows the feeding relationship and the pathway of energy transfer from one organism to another. The arrows represent the direction of energy flow.
食物链显示了生物之间的摄食关系以及能量从一个生物传递到另一个生物的途径。箭头表示能量流动的方向。
The rule is: Always draw the arrow pointing from the organism being eaten to the organism that eats it.
规则是：箭头始终从被吃的生物指向吃它的生物。
Example: grass → rabbit → fox. Energy is transferred from the grass to the rabbit and then to the fox.
例子：草 → 兔 → 狐狸。能量从草传递到兔，再传递到狐狸。
At each stage in a food chain, some energy is lost as heat or used for movement and life processes. Only a fraction of the energy is passed on to the next consumer. This explains why food chains rarely have more than four or five trophic levels.
在食物链的每一阶段，部分能量以热的形式散失或用于运动和生命过程。只有一小部分能量传递到下一个消费者。这就解释了为什么食物链通常不会超过四到五个营养级。
8. Diffusion and Osmosis | 扩散与渗透
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. It is a passive process that does not require energy.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域沿浓度梯度向低浓度区域的净运动。这是一个被动过程，不需要能量。
Living examples include oxygen diffusing into a red blood cell from the lungs and carbon dioxide diffusing out.
生物实例包括氧气从肺部扩散进入红细胞，以及二氧化碳扩散出去。
Osmosis is a special case of diffusion. It is the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution) through a partially permeable membrane.
渗透是扩散的一种特殊情况。它是水分子通过部分通透膜从较高水势（稀溶液）区域向较低水势（浓溶液）区域的净运动。
The principle of osmosis is important for plant cells gaining water through their roots and for animal cells maintaining their shape.
渗透原理对于植物细胞通过根部吸水以及动物细胞维持形状至关重要。
9. Basic Genetics: Dominance and Punnett Squares | 基础遗传学：显性与庞纳特方格
Genetics is the study of heredity. Traits are controlled by genes. Different forms of the same gene are called alleles. A dominant allele is expressed even if only one copy is present, while a recessive allele is expressed only when two copies are present.
遗传学是研究遗传现象的学科。性状由基因控制。相同基因的不同形式称为等位基因。显性等位基因即使只有一个拷贝也能表达，而隐性等位基因只有在两个拷贝都存在时才会表达。
Mendel’s law of segregation states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, and each gamete receives only one allele for each trait.
孟德尔分离定律指出，等位基因对在配子形成时分离，每个配子只获得每个性状的一个等位基因。
A Punnett square is a diagram used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring from a known cross. For example, a cross between two heterozygous parents (Tt × Tt) for tall (T, dominant) and short (t, recessive) pea plants:
庞纳特方格是用来预测已知杂交后代可能基因型的图表。例如，两个杂合子亲本 (Tt × Tt) 关于高茎（T，显性）和矮茎（t，隐性）豌豆的杂交：
| T | t | |
| T | TT | Tt |
| t | Tt | tt |
The expected offspring genotype ratio is 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt, and the phenotype ratio is 3 tall : 1 short.
预期的后代基因型比例为 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt，表现型比例为 3 高茎 : 1 矮茎。
This predictable ratio demonstrates the fundamental theorem of Mendelian inheritance for a single gene.
这种可预测的比例验证了单基因孟德尔遗传的基本定理。
10. Biological Classification System | 生物分类系统
All living organisms are classified into hierarchical groups based on shared characteristics. The classification system used by scientists is called taxonomy.
所有生物根据共有特征被归入层级化的类群。科学家使用的分类系统被称为分类学。
The main taxonomic ranks, from the largest to the smallest, are: Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species.
主要的分类阶元，从大到小依次是：界 → 门 → 纲 → 目 → 科 → 属 → 种。
An easy way to remember the order is the mnemonic ‘King Philip Came Over For Good Soup’.
记忆顺序的一个简单方法是口诀 ‘King Philip Came Over For Good Soup’（可从英文首字母对应）。
The binomial system (introduced by Carl Linnaeus) names each species with two Latin words: the genus name followed by the species name. For example, humans are Homo sapiens.
双名法（由林奈引入）为每个物种命名时使用两个拉丁词：属名后接种名。例如，人类为 Homo sapiens。
This universal system allows scientists worldwide to communicate clearly about different organisms.
这种通用系统使全球的科学家能够清晰地交流不同生物的信息。
11. Adaptation and Competition | 适应与竞争
Adaptation is a feature that enables an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment. Adapt
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