📚 Year 7 Edexcel Business: Core Knowledge Review | Year 7 Edexcel 商务：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your Year 7 Edexcel Business revision guide. This article summarises the core concepts you need to understand, from the basic definition of business to different types of business ownership and the role of entrepreneurs. Use this to review key ideas and build a strong foundation for your studies.
欢迎阅读Year 7 Edexcel商务复习指南。本文梳理了你需要掌握的核心概念，从商务的基本定义到不同企业所有权类型以及企业家的角色。利用本文复习关键思想，为你的学习打下坚实基础。
1. What is Business? | 什么是商务？
A business is any organization that provides goods or services to consumers in order to meet their needs and wants. The main goal for most businesses is to earn a profit, which is the money left over after all costs have been paid.
企业是指为了满足消费者的需求与欲望而提供商品或服务的任何组织。大多数企业的主要目标是赚取利润，即支付所有成本后剩余的金额。
Businesses can differ in size, from a single person running a market stall to a multinational corporation employing thousands worldwide. The key idea is that they all aim to satisfy customers while generating income.
企业规模各不相同，从一个人经营的市场摊位，到在全球雇用数千名员工的跨国公司。核心思想在于，它们都旨在满足顾客需求的同时产生收入。
2. Needs, Wants and Scarcity | 需求、欲望与稀缺性
A need is something you must have to survive, such as clean water, basic food, clothing, and shelter. Without these, life would be at risk.
需求是你为了生存而必须拥有的东西，例如清洁的水、基本食物、衣服和住所。没有这些，生命将受到威胁。
A want is a luxury or an item that makes life more comfortable but is not necessary for survival, like video games, designer clothes, or holidays abroad. Wants are unlimited, but resources to produce them are limited.
欲望是一种奢侈品或使生活更舒适但并非生存所必需的物品，比如电子游戏、名牌服装或海外度假。欲望是无限的，但生产这些物品的资源是有限的。
The economic problem of scarcity arises because there are not enough resources to satisfy all of everyone’s wants. This forces us to make choices about what to produce and consume.
稀缺性这一经济问题之所以产生，是因为没有足够的资源来满足所有人的所有欲望。这迫使我们必须做出选择，决定生产什么和消费什么。
3. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Goods are physical items that you can touch and own, such as a bicycle, a textbook, or a sandwich. They are produced and then sold to customers.
商品是你可以触摸和拥有的实物，例如自行车、教科书或三明治。它们被生产出来然后销售给顾客。
Services are intangible activities that are done for you by someone else, for example, getting a haircut, a bus ride, or a private tutor’s lesson. You receive the benefit but do not own anything physical.
服务是由他人为你完成的无形活动，例如理发、乘坐公交车或私人家教课程。你得到服务的好处，但并不拥有任何实物。
Most businesses sell either goods or services, though some offer a combination – a restaurant provides goods (food) and services (waiting staff).
大多数企业销售商品或服务，但也有企业提供组合——餐厅提供商品（食物）和服务（服务员）。
4. Factors of Production | 生产要素
To produce goods and services, businesses need resources known as factors of production. There are four main categories: land, labour, capital, and enterprise.
为了生产商品和服务，企业需要被称为生产要素的资源。主要有四个类别：土地、劳动力、资本和企业家精神。
Land includes all natural resources used in production, such as farmland, forests, minerals, and water. It does not only mean the ground itself but everything that comes from nature.
土地包括生产中使用的一切自然资源，如农田、森林、矿产和水。它不仅指地面本身，还包括来自自然界的一切。
Labour is the human effort, both physical and mental, that goes into making goods and delivering services. Workers in a factory, teachers, and delivery drivers are all examples of labour.
劳动力是投入制造商品和提供服务的人力努力，包括体力和脑力。工厂工人、教师和快递司机都是劳动力的例子。
Capital refers to man-made tools and equipment used to produce other goods, such as machinery, computers, vehicles, and factory buildings. It is not the same as money; money is financial capital, but physical capital is the productive asset.
资本是指用于生产其他商品的人造工具和设备，例如机器、计算机、车辆和厂房。它不同于金钱；金钱是金融资本，而实物资本是生产性资产。
Enterprise is the ability to combine the other three factors, take risks, and innovate. The entrepreneur is the person who provides this factor and organises the production process.
企业家精神是指整合其他三种要素、承担风险和创新的能力。企业家是提供这一要素并组织生产过程的人。
5. Sectors of the Economy | 经济部门
The economy can be divided into three sectors based on the type of activity. The primary sector extracts raw materials from the earth, for example, farming, fishing, mining, and forestry.
经济可以按照活动类型分为三个部门。第一产业从地球开采原材料，例如农业、渔业、采矿和林业。
The secondary sector takes these raw materials and manufactures them into finished goods. Car production, construction, and food processing are all part of the secondary sector.
第二产业将这些原材料加工制造成成品。汽车生产、建筑和食品加工都属于第二产业。
The tertiary sector provides services rather than physical products. This includes retail, banking, healthcare, education, tourism, and transport. In the UK, the tertiary sector is the largest and employs the most people.
第三产业提供服务而非实物产品。这包括零售、银行、医疗、教育、旅游和运输。在英国，第三产业规模最大，雇用人数最多。
6. Entrepreneurs and Enterprise | 企业家与创业
An entrepreneur is a person who spots a business opportunity and takes the risk to set up a new venture. They combine the factors of production to bring a product or service to the market.
企业家是发现商业机会并冒险创办新企业的人。他们整合生产要素，将产品或服务推向市场。
Successful entrepreneurs often share certain characteristics: they are determined, creative, willing to take calculated risks, and able to lead others. For example, they must make decisions even when the outcome is uncertain.
成功的企业家通常具备某些特征：他们有决心、有创造力、愿意承担经过计算的风险，并且能够领导他人。例如，即使在结果不确定时他们也必须做出决策。
Entrepreneurs also play an important role in the economy by creating jobs, introducing new products and services, and increasing competition which can improve quality and lower prices.
企业家还通过创造就业、推出新产品和服务、以及增强竞争（从而可能提高质量、降低价格）在经济中发挥重要作用。
7. Business Objectives | 企业目标
Business objectives are the targets a business sets to achieve within a specific time period. They give direction and help measure success. Different businesses may have different objectives depending on their size and situation.
企业目标是企业设定的在特定时间内要达到的目标。它们指引方向并帮助衡量成功与否。不同企业因其规模和情况不同，目标也可能不同。
A common objective for a new business is survival – covering costs and keeping the business running during the early stages. Once established, a business might aim for profit maximisation, which means earning as much profit as possible.
新企业的常见目标是生存——在早期阶段支付成本并维持运营。一旦站稳脚跟，企业可能以利润最大化为目标，即尽可能多地赚取利润。
Growth is another objective: increasing the size of the business, opening more branches, or selling in new markets. Some businesses also set social objectives, such as reducing environmental impact or supporting a local charity.
增长是另一个目标：扩大企业规模、开设更多分店或进入新市场。一些企业还设定社会目标，比如减少环境影响或支持当地慈善机构。
8. Stakeholders in Business | 企业中的利益相关者
A stakeholder is any individual, group, or organisation that has an interest in or is affected by the activities of a business. Stakeholders can be internal or external.
利益相关者是指任何对企业活动有利益关系或受其影响的个人、群体或组织。利益相关者可以是内部的或外部的。
Internal stakeholders include owners and employees. Owners want to see a return on their investment, while employees want fair pay and job security. Their interests may sometimes conflict, such as when raising wages reduces profit.
内部利益相关者包括所有者和员工。所有者希望获得投资回报，而员工希望获得公平薪酬和工作保障。他们的利益有时会冲突，比如提高工资会减少利润。
External stakeholders include customers, suppliers, the local community, and the government. Customers want good quality products at low prices. Suppliers want reliable orders and prompt payment. The community may be concerned about pollution or noise, and the government wants businesses to pay taxes and obey laws.
外部利益相关者包括顾客、供应商、当地社区和政府。顾客希望以低价获得优质产品。供应商希望获得可靠订单和及时付款。社区可能关心污染或噪音问题，而政府希望企业纳税并遵守法律。
9. Types of Business Ownership | 企业所有权类型
There are several ways a business can be owned. The simplest form is a sole trader, which is one person running a business on their own. Hairdressers, plumbers, and small shopkeepers are often sole traders.
企业的所有权形式有几种。最简单的形式是个体经营，即一个人独自经营企业。理发师、水管工和小店主通常是个体经营者。
A partnership involves two or more people sharing ownership. Partners combine their skills and money, and share the profits according to a partnership agreement. Doctors’ surgeries and law firms often operate as partnerships.
合伙经营涉及两个或更多人共同拥有所有权。合伙人结合各自的技能和资金，并根据合伙协议分享利润。医生诊所和律师事务所常以合伙形式运营。
A limited company is a separate legal entity from its owners, called shareholders. This type offers limited liability, which protects shareholders’ personal assets. Public and private limited companies are more complex and often studied in later years.
有限公司是独立于其所有者（股东）的法人实体。这种形式提供有限责任，保护股东的个人资产。上市公司和私营有限公司较为复杂，通常在高年级学习。
10. Introduction to Market Research | 市场调研入门
Market research is the process of gathering information about customers, competitors, and the market. It helps businesses understand what people want, how much they are willing to pay, and how to promote their products.
市场调研是收集有关顾客、竞争对手和市场信息的过程。它帮助企业了解人们需要什么、他们愿意支付多少以及如何推广产品。
Primary research (or field research) involves collecting new data directly from sources, for example, through questionnaires, interviews, or observing customers. It provides specific and up-to-date information but can be time-consuming and expensive.
一手调研（或实地调研）涉及从来源直接收集新数据，例如通过问卷调查、访谈或观察顾客。它提供具体、最新的信息，但可能耗时且昂贵。
Secondary research (or desk research) uses data that already exists, such as government reports, internet sources, or industry statistics. It is cheaper and faster, but the information may not be exactly tailored to the business’s needs.
二手调研（或案头调研）使用已经存在的数据，如政府报告、网络资源或行业统计数据。它更便宜、更快，但信息可能不完全符合企业的具体需求。
Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导Cancel reply