📚 Year 7 Edexcel Chinese: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 七年级 Edexcel 中文:公式定理速查手册
This handbook collects the most important sentence patterns and grammar rules for Year 7 Edexcel Chinese. Each rule is presented as a clear formula, similar to a maths theorem, so you can quickly check and apply it in speaking and writing. Use it for revision, homework, and classroom practice.
本手册汇集了七年级 Edexcel 中文课程最重要的句型与语法规则。每条规则都以清晰的公式形式呈现,类似数学定理,便于你在口语和写作中快速查阅和运用。适合用于复习、作业和课堂练习。
1. Basic Word Order | 基本语序
Chinese follows a fixed Subject-Verb-Object order. There is no conjugation of verbs according to person or tense, so the core structure remains constant.
中文遵循固定的主语—动词—宾语语序。动词不根据人称或时态变化,因此核心结构始终保持不变。
Formula: S + V + O
公式:主语 + 动词 + 宾语
Examples: ‘I eat apples’ → 我吃苹果 (Wǒ chī píngguǒ). ‘He reads books’ → 他看书 (Tā kàn shū).
例子:’I eat apples’ → 我吃苹果;’He reads books’ → 他看书。
2. Topic-Comment Structure | 主题—评论结构
Often the topic is placed at the beginning of the sentence, with the comment following. This is a very natural Chinese pattern.
中文常常把主题放在句首,随后是评论部分。这是一种非常自然的中文表达模式。
Formula: Topic + Comment (which may contain S + V)
公式:主题 + 评论 (可包含主谓结构)
Example: ‘As for apples, I like to eat them’ → 苹果,我喜欢吃 (Píngguǒ, wǒ xǐhuan chī).
例子:’As for apples, I like to eat them’ → 苹果,我喜欢吃。
3. Negation with 不 (bù) | 用“不”的否定式
To negate a verb or an adjective in the present or future, place 不 before it. Note the tone change: 不 becomes bú before a fourth tone.
要否定现在或将来时的动词或形容词,将“不”放在它前面。注意声调变化:“不”在第四声前变为 bú。
Formula: S + 不 + V / Adj
公式:主语 + 不 + 动词 / 形容词
Examples: ‘I do not drink coffee’ → 我不喝咖啡 (Wǒ bù hē kāfēi). ‘It is not cold’ → 不冷 (Bù lěng).
例子:’I do not drink coffee’ → 我不喝咖啡;’It is not cold’ → 不冷。
4. Negation with 没 (méi) / 没有 | 用“没”/“没有”的否定式
Use 没 or 没有 to negate the verb 有 or actions in the past. It is not used with 是.
用“没”或“没有”来否定动词“有”或过去的动作。它不能与“是”连用。
Formula: S + 没(有) + V (+ O)
公式:主语 + 没(有) + 动词 (+ 宾语)
Examples: ‘I don’t have a pen’ → 我没有笔 (Wǒ méiyǒu bǐ). ‘I did not go yesterday’ → 我昨天没去 (Wǒ zuótiān méi qù).
例子:’I don’t have a pen’ → 我没有笔;’I did not go yesterday’ → 我昨天没去。
5. Yes/No Questions with 吗 (ma) | 用“吗”的是非疑问句
Add the particle 吗 at the end of a statement to turn it into a yes/no question. The word order does not change.
在陈述句末尾加上语气词“吗”,就能将其变为是非疑问句。语序无需改变。
Formula: Statement + 吗?
公式:陈述句 + 吗?
Example: ‘You are a student.’ → 你是学生。’Are you a student?’ → 你是学生吗?(Nǐ shì xuésheng ma?)
例子:’You are a student.’ → 你是学生。’Are you a student?’ → 你是学生吗?
6. Alternative Questions with 还是 (háishi) | 用“还是”的选择疑问句
Use 还是 to offer a choice between two options. It is placed between the options inside the question.
用“还是”在两个选项中提出选择。它放在疑问句中的两个选项之间。
Formula: Option A + 还是 + Option B?
公式:选项 A + 还是 + 选项 B?
Example: ‘Would you like tea or coffee?’ → 你想喝茶还是咖啡?(Nǐ xiǎng hē chá háishi kāfēi?)
例子:’Would you like tea or coffee?’ → 你想喝茶还是咖啡?
7. Question Words (WH-Questions) | 疑问词(特殊疑问句)
Question words like 什么 (what), 谁 (who), 哪儿/哪里 (where), 怎么 (how), 为什么 (why) are placed where the answer would go in the sentence. Word order remains S-V-O.
疑问词如“什么、谁、哪儿/哪里、怎么、为什么”放在答句成分应在的位置。语序仍为主谓宾。
Formula: S + V + Question Word / Question Word + V + O?
公式:主语 + 动词 + 疑问词 或 疑问词 + 动词 + 宾语?
Example: ‘What are you doing?’ → 你在做什么?(Nǐ zài zuò shénme?) ‘Who is that?’ → 那是谁?(Nà shì shéi?)
例子:’What are you doing?’ → 你在做什么?’Who is that?’ → 那是谁?
8. Measure Words (Classifiers) | 量词
When a noun is quantified by a number or 这/那, a measure word must be inserted between the numeral/demonstrative and the noun. The general formula is fixed.
当名词被数词或“这/那”修饰时,必须在数词/指示代词与名词之间插入量词。通用公式是固定的。
Formula: Number + Measure Word + Noun
公式:数词 + 量词 + 名词
Common measure words: 个 (gè) for people and general objects, 本 (běn) for books, 只 (zhī) for animals, 张 (zhāng) for flat things.
常见量词:个(用于人及一般物体),本(用于书),只(用于动物),张(用于扁平物)。
Example: ‘three books’ → 三本书 (sān běn shū). Not 三书.
例子:’three books’ → 三本书。不能写成 三书。
9. Expressing Tense with Aspect Particles | 用时态助词表达时间
Chinese does not have grammatical tense but uses aspect particles to show completion, ongoing action, or experience.
中文没有语法时态,但使用体助词来表示动作的完成、进行或经历。
- 了 (le): completed action. Formula: S + V + 了 + O. (我吃饭了 or 我吃了饭)
- 在 (zài): ongoing action. Formula: S + 在 + V (+ O). (我在吃饭)
- 过 (guo): past experience. Formula: S + V + 过 + O. (我吃过中国菜)
- 了:完成。公式:S + V + 了 + O。(我吃了饭)
- 在:进行。公式:S + 在 + V (+ O)。(我在吃饭)
- 过:经历。公式:S + V + 过 + O。(我吃过中国菜)
10. Adjectives and Degree Modifiers | 形容词与程度修饰语
Adjectives can be used as predicates without ‘is’. When modified by degree adverbs like 很 (hěn), the structure is straightforward.
形容词可以直接作谓语,无需系动词。当被程度副词如“很”修饰时,结构非常简明。
Formula: S + (Adv of degree) + Adj
公式:主语 + (程度副词) + 形容词
Example: ‘He is tall.’ → 他很高 (Tā hěn gāo). (Note: 很 often loses its strong meaning, just linking subject and adjective.)
例子:’He is tall.’ → 他很高。(注意:这里的“很”常常不表示强烈的程度,只起连接作用。)
11. Possessive and Modifier 的 | 定语标记“的”
The particle 的 is used to link a possessor or modifier to a noun. It acts like ‘s or of in English but also attaches whole clauses.
助词“的”用于连接所有者或修饰语与名词。它类似英语的 ‘s 或 of,但也可以连接整个从句。
Formula: Modifier + 的 + Noun
公式:修饰语 + 的 + 名词
Examples: ‘my friend’ → 我的朋友 (wǒ de péngyou). ‘The book that I bought’ → 我买的书 (wǒ mǎi de shū).
例子:’my friend’ → 我的朋友;’The book that I bought’ → 我买的书。
12. Comparative Sentences with 比 (bǐ) | “比”字比较句
To compare two things using an adjective, the word order is different from English. The adjective is not preceded by ‘more’.
用形容词比较两件事物时,语序与英语不同。形容词前不加“更”字。
Formula: A + 比 + B + Adj
公式:A + 比 + B + 形容词
Example: ‘She is taller than me.’ → 她比我高 (Tā bǐ wǒ gāo). No word for ‘more’.
例子:’She is taller than me.’ → 她比我高。不需要“更”。
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