📚 Year 7 Edexcel Sociology: Key Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 7 Edexcel 社会学：关键术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential vocabulary fast-track for Year 7 Edexcel Sociology. Sociology is full of specific terms, and knowing them is your first step towards explaining how individuals, groups and institutions shape the world around us. In this guide, we break down core concepts into easy-to-remember chunks, with clear definitions, memory tips and paired English-Chinese explanations to make revision stick.
欢迎来到 Year 7 Edexcel 社会学核心词汇速记指南。社会学充满专有术语，掌握它们是分析个体、群体与制度如何塑造我们周围世界的第一步。本文将核心概念拆解成易记的模块，用清晰的定义、记忆窍门以及中英配对解释，帮助你把复习内容牢牢记住。
1. Sociology and Society | 社会学与社会
Sociology: The systematic study of human society, social interactions and the institutions that shape behaviour. Think ‘socio-‘ (society or companion) + ‘-logy’ (study of).
社会学： 对人类社会的系统研究，涵盖社会互动与塑造行为的制度。记法：“socio-”意为社会或同伴，“-logy”意为学问。
Society: A large group of people who live in the same territory, share a common culture and interact with one another. Picture society as an organised community that follows shared rules.
社会： 生活在同一地域、共享文化并相互互动的人群。将社会想象为一个遵守共同规则的有组织社群。
Social structure: The organised pattern of social relationships and institutions that form the framework of society. It works like the skeleton of a body, holding everything in place.
社会结构： 构成社会框架的社会关系与制度的有组织模式。它就像身体的骨架，支撑着整个社会的运行。
2. Culture and Subculture | 文化与亚文化
Culture: The shared way of life of a group of people, including beliefs, values, language, customs and material objects. Remember ‘CUL’ like ‘cultivate’ – culture is grown and passed on.
文化： 一群人共享的生活方式，包括信仰、价值观、语言、习俗和物质产物。联想“培植”——文化是培育并传承的。
Subculture: A smaller group within a larger culture that has its own distinct norms, values and lifestyle, such as a youth subculture or a music-based subculture. Think ‘sub’ meaning under or branch.
亚文化： 在更大文化内部拥有独特规范、价值观和生活方式的较小群体，比如青年亚文化或音乐亚文化。“sub-”表示分支或下层。
Customs: Traditional and accepted ways of behaving that are specific to a particular culture, such as greeting rituals or festivals. Customs are the habits of a culture.
习俗： 特定文化中传统且被接受的行为方式，如问候礼节或节日庆典。习俗是文化的习惯。
3. Norms, Values and Beliefs | 规范、价值观与信念
Norms: The unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered normal or acceptable in a society. A simple trick: ‘norms’ sound like ‘normal’.
规范： 社会中被视作正常或可接受的不成文行为规则。窍门：“规范”与“正常”发音相近，直接联想。
Values: Deeply held ideas about what is important, right and desirable, such as honesty, respect or equality. Values guide our choices; they are what we value.
价值观： 关于什么是重要、正确和可取的深层观念，如诚实、尊重或平等。价值观指引选择，即我们所珍视的东西。
Beliefs: Specific statements or convictions that people hold to be true, often linked to religion, science or personal experience. Beliefs support values.
信念： 人们认为正确的具体陈述或坚信，常与宗教、科学或个人经历相关。信念是价值观的支撑。
4. Socialisation: Primary and Secondary | 社会化：初级与次级
Socialisation: The lifelong process of learning the norms, values and behaviours appropriate to your society. Think of it as the ‘software’ that society installs in us.
社会化： 学习适合所在社会的规范、价值观和行为的终身过程。把社会化想象成社会给我们安装的“软件”。
Primary socialisation: The first stage of learning social skills, occurring in early childhood, mainly through the family. Remember ‘primary’ means first – it happens when you are small.
初级社会化： 学习社会技能的第一阶段，发生在幼儿期，主要通过家庭实现。记法：“初级”就是最初、最小的阶段。
Secondary socialisation: The ongoing process of learning new norms and values outside the family, through school, peers, media and later workplaces. It comes second and builds on primary socialisation.
次级社会化： 在家庭之外学习新规范和价值观的持续过程，通过学校、同伴、媒体及日后的工作场所。在初级社会化之上接着发生。
Agents of socialisation: The individuals, groups and institutions that teach us social norms, such as family, school, peer group and mass media. ‘Agents’ act on our learning.
社会化媒介： 教导我们社会规范的个人、群体和制度，如家庭、学校、同辈群体与大众媒体。“媒介”即施加影响的因素。
5. Roles and Status | 角色与地位
Role: The expected pattern of behaviour attached to a particular social position, like being a student, sibling or friend. Think of a role as a part you play in the theatre of society.
角色： 与特定社会位置相关的预期行为模式，如学生、兄弟姐妹或朋友。角色就像你在社会剧场中扮演的戏份。
Status: The social position or rank a person holds, which may come with respect or prestige. Status can be ascribed (given at birth, e.g. princess) or achieved (earned, e.g. team captain).
地位： 一个人拥有的社会位置或等级，可能伴随尊重或声望。地位可以是先赋的（与生俱来，如公主）或自致的（赢得的，如队长）。
Role conflict: A situation where the demands of two or more roles clash, such as a student who is also a part-time worker and struggles to balance both. It is like two scripts pulling you in different directions.
角色冲突： 两个或多个角色的要求发生冲突的情形，例如一个需要兼职的学生难以兼顾。如同两份剧本朝不同方向拉拽你。
6. Identity | 身份认同
Identity: The way we see and define ourselves, and how others perceive us. Identity is made up of many elements, such as gender, ethnicity, age and interests. It is your personal answer to ‘Who am I?’
身份认同： 我们看待和定义自己的方式，以及他人对我们的看法。身份由性别、民族、年龄、兴趣等诸多元素构成，是你对“我是谁”的个人回答。
Social identity: The part of our self-concept that comes from membership in social groups, like being a football fan, a pupil of a particular school or a national citizen.
社会身份： 自我概念中来自群体成员身份的部分，如作为足球迷、某校学生或某国公民。
Personal identity: The unique traits, experiences and characteristics that make you different from others, such as your sense of humour or special talents.
个人身份： 让你与众不同的独特特质、经历与特征，比如你的幽默感或特殊才能。
7. Social Institutions | 社会制度
Social institution: A major, stable structure in society that organises and meets important social needs, such as family, education, religion and the state. Think ‘institution’ as an organised building block of society.
社会制度： 社会中组织并满足重要需求的主要稳定结构，如家庭、教育、宗教和国家。把“制度”看作社会有组织的积木块。
Family as an institution: The primary unit for nurturing children, teaching early norms and providing emotional and economic support. Families are the first school of socialisation.
作为制度的家庭： 养育孩子、教导早期规范并提供情感和经济支持的首要单位。家庭是社会化的第一所学校。
Education as an institution: The formal system that transmits knowledge, skills and cultural values, while also preparing young people for work and citizenship. It acts as a bridge between home and wider society.
作为制度的教育： 传递知识、技能和文化价值观的正式体系，同时为青少年做好工作和公民准备。它是家庭与更广阔社会之间的桥梁。
8. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification: The way society is divided into layers or strata based on factors such as wealth, power, occupation and social class. Picture a layer cake, with different groups placed at different levels.
社会分层： 社会根据财富、权力、职业和社会阶级等因素划分为不同层级的方式。想象一块千层蛋糕，不同群体处于不同层级。
Social class: A grouping of people who share a similar economic and social position, often identified as working class, middle class or upper class. Class affects life chances, such as health and education.
社会阶级： 具有相似经济和社会地位的人群组合，通常分为工人阶级、中产阶级和上层阶级。阶级影响生活机会，如健康和教育。
Social mobility: The ability of individuals or families to move up or down the social hierarchy. ‘Mobility’ means movement – think of climbing a ladder.
社会流动： 个人或家庭在社会等级中向上或向下移动的能力。“流动”即移动——想象爬梯子。
9. Diversity and Inequality | 多样性与不平等
Diversity: The variety of differences among people in society, including ethnicity, gender, age, religion and disability. Diversity enriches a community by introducing many perspectives.
多样性： 社会中人与人之间的各种差异，包括民族、性别、年龄、宗教和残障等。多样性通过带来不同视角丰富社群。
Ethnicity: A shared cultural heritage, language, history and traditions that distinguish one group from another. Ethnicity is about cultural identity, not biological race.
民族性/族裔： 共享的文化遗产、语言、历史和传统，使一个群体区别于另一个。族裔关乎文化身份，而非生物种族。
Stereotype: A fixed, oversimplified and often exaggerated belief about a particular group of people, such as ‘all teenagers are lazy’. Think of a stereotype as a mental shortcut that ignores individual differences.
刻板印象： 对特定群体的固化、过于简化且常常夸大的看法，如“所有青少年都懒惰”。刻板印象是忽视个体差异的心理捷径。
Prejudice and Discrimination: Prejudice means pre-judging someone based on their group membership (an attitude), while discrimination involves acting on that prejudice (a behaviour). Remember: prejudice is in the mind, discrimination is in action.
偏见与歧视： 偏见是根据群体成员身份预先判断他人（态度），而歧视是基于偏见采取行动（行为）。记法：偏见在于心，歧视在于行。
10. Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative | 研究方法：定性与定量
Research methods: The tools and techniques sociologists use to collect and analyse data about social life, such as surveys, interviews, observations and official statistics. Good research requires ethical guidelines, too.
研究方法： 社会学家用来收集和分析社会生活数据的工具与技术，如问卷、访谈、观察和官方统计。好的研究也需要伦理准则。
Primary data: First-hand information gathered directly by the researcher for a specific project, e.g. through questionnaires or interviews. Think ‘primary’ as original, fresh data you collect yourself.
一手数据： 研究者为特定项目直接收集的第一手信息，如通过问卷或访谈。“一手”即你自己收集的原始、新鲜数据。
Secondary data: Existing information that has already been collected by someone else, such as government reports, historical records or previous surveys. ‘Second-hand’ data, used a second time.
二手数据： 已由他人收集的现成信息，如政府报告、历史记录或早前调查。“二手”数据，被再次使用。
Qualitative data: Non-numerical, in-depth information that explores meanings, feelings and experiences, often from interviews or open-ended questions. Focus on ‘quality’ – rich, detailed words, not numbers.
定性数据： 探索意义、感受和经历的非数字深层信息，多来自访谈或开放题。重在“质”——丰富、细致的文字而非数字。
Quantitative data: Numerical data that can be measured and counted, presented in charts or statistics, often from questionnaires with closed questions. ‘Quantity’ means numbers – think ‘quant’ for counting.
定量数据： 可测量和计数的数字数据，用图表或统计表呈现，多来自封闭式问卷。“量”即数字——联想“quant”与计数有关。
Ethics in research: Moral principles that protect participants, such as informed consent, confidentiality and the right to withdraw. Ethics ensure research is fair and respectful.
研究伦理： 保护参与者的道德原则，如知情同意、保密和退出权。伦理保障研究公平、尊重。
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