📚 Year 7 SQA Chinese: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | SQA 中文七年级：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your essential quick reference for Year 7 SQA Chinese. Just like in mathematics or science, mastering Chinese involves understanding a set of core patterns, rules, and structures. This handbook presents the most important ‘formulas’ for pinyin, sentence building, measure words, and character writing, along with ‘theorems’ for tones, stroke order, and negation. Each entry is paired with a clear Chinese explanation to reinforce your learning. Use this guide to revise efficiently and build a solid foundation in Mandarin.
欢迎使用这本为 SQA 中文七年级学生准备的核心速查手册。和数学或科学一样，掌握中文需要理解一系列核心模式、规则和结构。本手册呈列了拼音、句型、量词和汉字书写中最重要的“公式”，以及声调、笔顺和否定式的“定理”。每个条目都配有清晰的中文解释，帮助你巩固学习。用这本指南高效复习，打下坚实的普通话基础。
1. Introduction to Pinyin Formula | 拼音公式入门
The basic pinyin syllable structure can be expressed as: Initial + Final + Tone. Every Mandarin syllable begins with an initial consonant (which can be zero, written as a starting vowel), followed by a final (the main vowel and any ending), and is marked by one of the four tones plus the neutral tone. For example, mā (妈) is m (initial) + a (final) + first tone. Mastering this formula allows you to pronounce any new word by breaking it down systematically.
拼音的基本音节结构可以表示为：声母 + 韵母 + 声调。每个普通话音节都以一个声母开头（零声母时直接以元音开头），后面跟一个韵母（主要元音及韵尾），再由四个声调之一或轻声标记。例如，mā（妈）由声母 m、韵母 a 和第一声组成。掌握这个公式能让你通过系统拆分读准任何生词。
| Formula Component | Example | 中文说明 |
|---|---|---|
| Initial (b, p, m, f…) | bà (爸) : b + a + 4th tone | 声母：b, p, m, f 等 |
| Final (a, o, e, ai, an…) | hǎo (好): h + ao + 3rd tone | 韵母：a, o, e, ai, an 等 |
| Tone (1st ˉ, 2nd ˊ, 3rd ˇ, 4th ˋ) | mā má mǎ mà | 声调：第一声至第四声 |
2. Tone Sandhi Rules | 变调定理
When certain tones appear together, they change according to fixed rules. The most important are the third-tone sandhi and the changes for yī (one) and bù (not). For two consecutive third-tone syllables, the first one shifts to the second tone in actual pronunciation, although in pinyin it is still written with the third tone mark. For example, nǐ hǎo (你好) sounds like ní hǎo. The character 一 (yī) is pronounced as second tone before a fourth-tone syllable, and fourth tone before first, second, or third tones. 不 (bù) becomes second tone before another fourth-tone syllable.
当某些声调组合在一起时，会根据固定规则发生变化。最重要的是三声变调以及“一”和“不”的变调。两个三声音节连读时，第一个在实际发音中变为二声，尽管拼音仍标三声。例如，“你(nǐ)好(hǎo)”听起来像“ní hǎo”。“一”在四声前读二声，在一声、二声、三声前读四声。“不”在另一个四声前变为二声。
- 3rd + 3rd → 2nd + 3rd: hěn hǎo (很好) → hén hǎo. 中文：两个三声，前变二声。
- yī + 4th tone → yí: yí gè (一个). 中文：一在四声前读二声。
- bù + 4th tone → bú: bú shì (不是). 中文：不在四声前读二声。
3. Basic Sentence Structure Formulas | 基本句型公式
The fundamental declarative sentence formula in Chinese is Subject + Verb + Object, identical to English. However, time words and location phrases are placed before the verb, not at the end. The extended pattern is: Subject + Time + Place + Verb + Object. For example, ‘I study Chinese at school every day’ becomes Wǒ měitiān zài xuéxiào xuéxí Zhōngwén, literally ‘I every day at school study Chinese’. Another key formula is the topic-comment structure: Topic + Comment, often used for emphasis.
中文的基本陈述句公式是主语 + 动词 + 宾语，与英语相同。但时间词和地点短语要放在动词之前，而不是句末。扩展模式为：主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语。例如，“I study Chinese at school every day”要说成“我每天在学校学习中文”，词序是“我 每天 在学校 学习 中文”。另一个关键公式是话题—说明结构：话题 + 说明，常用于强调。
The formula for sentences with adverbial adjuncts can be remembered as: S + (Time) + (Place) + V + O. Never place ‘zài’ (at) phrase at the end. This structural discipline is a theorem that governs all Chinese word order.
带有副词性附加语的句子公式可记作：主语 + （时间） + （地点） + 动词 + 宾语。绝不要把“在”短语放在句末。这个结构规则是支配所有中文词序的定理。
4. Measure Word Theorem | 量词定理
In Chinese, a measure word must appear between a number (or demonstrative) and a noun. The universal formula is: Number + Measure Word + Noun. Unlike English, you cannot say ‘one book’; you must say yī běn shū (一本书), where běn is the measure word for bound objects like books. The theorem states that each noun has an appropriate measure word, and using the generic gè (个) is acceptable but not always native-sounding. Key measure words for Year 7: zhī (只) for animals, tiáo (条) for long flexible things, kuài (块) for pieces, and bēi (杯) for cups of drinks.
中文里，数词（或指示词）和名词之间必须使用量词。通用公式为：数词 + 量词 + 名词。与英语不同，你不能直接说“one book”；必须说“一本书”，其中“本”是用于成册物品的量词。定理指出，每个名词都有相应的量词，使用泛用量词“个”虽可接受但不总是地道。七年级重点量词：只（动物）、条（长而软之物）、块（块状物）、杯（饮料）。
| Measure Word | Use | Example | 中文说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 本 (běn) | books, notebooks | 一本书 | 用于书籍、笔记本 |
| 只 (zhī) | animals, one of a pair | 一只猫 | 用于动物和成对之一 |
| 条 (tiáo) | long, flexible objects | 一条鱼 | 用于长而软的东西 |
5. Radical Recognition Formula | 部首识别公式
Chinese characters are often composed of a radical (部首) that hints at meaning and a phonetic component that suggests pronunciation. The radical recognition formula: Left/Right structure: Radical often on the left; Top/Bottom structure: Radical often at the top. For instance, 口 (mouth) radical in 吃 (eat) and 喝 (drink) relates to mouth action. 女 (woman) radical in 妈 (mum) and 姐 (older sister) indicates female. By learning the most common radicals, you can quickly guess the meaning category of over 70% of characters encountered in Year 7.
汉字通常由表意的部首和表音的声旁组成。部首识别公式为：左右结构：部首常在左；上下结构：部首常在上。例如，“吃”和“喝”中的口字旁与嘴部动作相关；女字旁在“妈”和“姐”中表示女性。通过掌握最常见的部首，你就能快速推测七年级接触的70%以上汉字的意义范畴。
- 口 (mouth): 吃 (eat), 喝 (drink), 叫 (shout). 中文：口部字多与口部动作有关。
- 氵 (water, three drops): 河 (river), 海 (sea), 洗 (wash). 中文：三点水多与水相关。
- 扌 (hand): 打 (hit), 找 (look for), 拉 (pull). 中文：提手旁多与手部动作相关。
- 木 (tree/wood): 林 (forest), 桌 (table), 椅 (chair). 中文：木字旁多与树木或木制品相关。
6. Stroke Order Rules | 笔画顺序规则
The theorem of stroke order dictates that every Chinese character is written following a sequence that ensures balance and speed. The seven basic rules formula: 1. Top to bottom, 2. Left to right, 3. Horizontal before vertical, 4. Outside before inside, 5. Inside before closing, 6. Centre before wings in symmetrical characters, 7. Bottom horizontal stroke last. For example, the character 十 (ten) follows horizontal 一 first, then vertical 丨. For 国 (country), write the outer enclosure 囗 first, then inside 玉, and finally close the bottom with a horizontal stroke. Consistent practice of these rules builds muscle memory and prevents common writing mistakes.
笔画顺序定理规定每个汉字都遵循一套保证结构和书写速度的顺序。七条基本规则公式：1. 从上到下，2. 从左到右，3. 先横后竖，4. 先外后内，5. 先进入后关门，6. 先中间后两边，7. 最后封底横。例如，“十”先写横再写竖。“国”先写外框囗，再写内部玉，最后用一横封底。坚持用这些规则练习能形成肌肉记忆，避免常见书写错误。
Additional quick formula: for characters with a ‘walking’ radical (辶), the inside part is written first, then the 辶. This is a sub-theorem: inside before outside for 辶. Example: 边 (side) – write 力 first, then 辶. This exception proves the overall rule system.
补充速记公式：对于走之底（辶）的字，先写内部，后写走之底。这是一个子定理：辶部的字先内后外。例子：“边”——先写“力”，再写“辶”。这个例外恰恰印证了整个规则体系。
7. Question Formation Formulas | 疑问句构造公式
There are three main formulas for forming questions in Mandarin. Formula A: Add the particle ma (吗) to the end of a statement. This turns any declarative sentence into a yes-no question. Formula B: Use the V-not-V pattern, where the verb is repeated with 不 in between, e.g., Nǐ xǐhuān bù xǐhuān? (Do you like or not like?). Formula C: Insert a question word (shénme 什么, shuí 谁, nǎr 哪儿, zěnme 怎么) in place of the unknown information. Crucially, in Chinese, question words stay in the same position as the answer, unlike English which requires fronting.
普通话有三种主要疑问句构造公式。公式A：在陈述句末尾加语气词“吗”，就可以将任何陈述变成是非问句。公式B：使用正反问结构，把动词用“不”隔开重复，如“你喜不喜欢？”。公式C：用疑问词（什么、谁、哪儿、怎么）替代未知信息。关键点是，中文的疑问词保留在答案所在的位置，不像英语需要提前。
For example, ‘He is a student’ → Tā shì xuéshēng ma? (A 吗 formula). ‘Where are you going?’ → Nǐ qù nǎr? (C formula, with nǎr in object position, literally ‘You go where?’). The V-not-V formula works with adjectives too: hǎo bù hǎo? (Is it good?).
例如，“他是学生” → “他是学生吗？”（A公式）。“你去哪儿？”（C公式，“哪儿”在宾语位置，字面意为“你去哪里”）。正反问公式也适用于形容词：“好不好？”。
8. Negation Theorem | 否定定理
Negation in Chinese follows two main theorems. Theorem 1: Use bù (不) before verbs and adjectives to negate present or future actions, or to express non-existence of a quality. Theorem 2: Use méi (没) or méiyǒu (没有) to negate past actions or to say ‘do not have’. The formula for past negation is: méi(yǒu) + Verb. Note that 是 (to be) is negated with bù, never with méi, producing bú shì (but remember the tone change because 不 + 4th tone → bú). For possession, use méiyǒu: Wǒ méiyǒu shū (I don’t have a book). The theorem is clear: bù for non-completed, general; méi for completed, existence.
中文的否定遵循两条主要定理。定理一：在动词和形容词前用“不”否定现在或将来的动作，或表示不具备某种性质。定理二：用“没”或“没有”否定过去的动作或表示“没有”某物。过去否定公式为：没（有）+ 动词。注意，“是”用“不”否定，绝不用“没”，成为“不是”（注意变调，不+四声→bú）。表示所有时，用“没有”：我没有书。定理很清晰：不用于未完成、一般情况；没用于已发生、存在状况。
- Bù + Adj: bù hǎo (not good). 中文：不 + 形容词。
- Méi + V: méi qù (didn’t go). 中文：没 + 动词（过去）。
- Méiyǒu + N: méiyǒu qián (have no money). 中文：没有 + 名词。
9. Time and Place Formula | 时间地点表达公式
When describing when and where an action takes place, Chinese follows a fixed sequence: Time first, then Place, both before the verb. The formula is Subject + Time Word + Place Phrase + Verb (+ Object). This is a non-negotiable theorem. English speakers often mistakenly place time at the end; in Chinese, time and place are pre-verbal modifiers. Additionally, the order of place phrase follows the principle of big to small: country, city, street, building. Time words also go from large unit to small unit: year, month, day, part of the day.
当描述动作发生的时间和地点时，中文遵循固定顺序：时间在前，地点在后，均在动词之前。公式是主语 + 时间词 + 地点短语 + 动词（+ 宾语）。这是一条不容商量的定理。英语母语者常误把时间放在句末；而在中文里，时间和地点是前置于动词的修饰语。此外，地点短语的顺序遵循由大到小的原则：国家、城市、街道、建筑。时间词也由大单位到小单位：年、月、日、时间段。
Example: Wǒ zuótiān zài túshūguǎn kàn shū. (I read a book in the library yesterday.) The order is exactly: I (S) + yesterday (Time) + at library (Place) + read (V) + book (O). Any deviation sounds incorrect. Time phrases can also come before the subject for emphasis: Zuótiān wǒ zài túshūguǎn kàn shū. But still place remains before verb.
例子：“我昨天在图书馆看书。”顺序完全是：我（主）+ 昨天（时间）+ 在图书馆（地点）+ 看（动）+ 书（宾）。任何偏离听起来都不正确。时间短语也可放在主语前表示强调：“昨天我在图书馆看书。”但地点仍然在动词前。
10. Adjective and Adverb Usage Rules | 形容词与副词使用规则
In Chinese, adjectives can function as predicates without a linking verb like ‘is’. The formula is Noun + hěn (很) + Adjective. The word hěn (very) is often required even when not emphasising ‘very’ to avoid a comparative reading. For instance, Tā gāo (他高) would sound like ‘He is taller’; to simply state ‘He is tall’, say Tā hěn gāo. Adverbs always come before the verb they modify, following the formula Subject + Adverb + Verb. Common adverbs: yě (也 also), dōu (都 all/both), jīngcháng (经常 often). The adverb 也 goes right before the verb, and before 不/没 in negation: Tā yě bù xǐhuān (He also doesn’t like).
在中文里，形容词可以直接作谓语，不需要系动词“是”。公式为名词 + 很 + 形容词。“很”字即使不强调“非常”也常常需要加上，以避免产生比较义。例如，“他高”听起来像“他更高”；要说“他很高”才表示他个子高。副词总是放在它所修饰的动词之前，公式为主语 + 副词 + 动词。常用副词：也、都、经常。副词“也”紧贴动词前，在否定句中放在“不/没”之前：“他也不喜欢”。
| Adverb | Position Formula | Example | 中文说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 也 (yě) | S + 也 + V/Adj | 我也去。 | 也放在主语后动词前。 |
| 都 (dōu) | S + 都 + V | 我们都喜欢中文。 | 都指全部，放在动词前。 |
| 不/没 (bù/méi) | S + 不/没 + V/Adj | 她不喝咖啡。 | 否定副词紧贴动词/形容词。 |
11. Common Conjunction Patterns | 常用连接词模式
To link ideas, Chinese uses paired conjunctions that function as formulaic frames. The most useful for Year 7 are: yīnwèi… suǒyǐ… (因为……所以……) for cause and effect; suīrán… dànshì… (虽然……但是……) for contrast; and búdàn… érqiě… (不但……而且……) for ‘not only… but also…’. In the 因为……所以 pattern, the reason clause always comes first, followed by the result. In contrast with English, you cannot say ‘I am late because of traffic’ as *Wǒ chídào yīnwèi jiāotōng; instead it must be Yīnwèi jiāotōng, suǒyǐ wǒ chídào. The ‘虽然…但是’ formula always puts 虽然 in the first clause and 但是 in the second, and the conjunction 但是 cannot be omitted.
中文使用配对连词来连接观点，它们就像公式框架。七年级最有用的有：因为……所以……表示因果；虽然……但是……表示转折；不但……而且……表示递进。在“因为……所以”模式中，原因从句总是先说，再说结果。与英语不同，不能说“我迟到因为交通”，而必须是“因为交通，所以我迟到了”。“虽然……但是”公式总是把“虽然”放在第一个分句，“但是”放在第二个，而且“但是”不可省略。
Another formula is Rúguǒ… (jiù)… (如果……就……) for conditional ‘if… then…’. The rule: 如果 introduces the condition, and 就 (often optional in informal speech) appears before the result verb. Example: Rúguǒ nǐ yǒu kòng, jiù lái wán. (If you are free, come and play.) These conjunction theorems greatly improve coherence in both spoken and written Chinese.
另一个公式是如果……就……表示条件。规则：“如果”引出条件，“就”出现在结果动词前（口语中“就”有时可省）。例如：“如果你有空，就来玩。”这些连接词定理能极大改善口语和书面语的连贯性。
12. Summary and Quick Reference Table | 总结与速查表
This handbook has equipped you with the fundamental formulas and theorems that govern Year 7 SQA Chinese. From pinyin syllable construction to tone sandhi, from sentence word order to question formation, each rule is a building block. Print this table and keep it handy for daily revision. Consistent application of these patterns will transform your Chinese from random phrases into a systematic, confident command of the language.
这本手册为你提供了支配 SQA 中文七年级课程的基础公式与定理。从拼音音节构造到变调，从句子词序到疑问句构造，每一条规则都是一块基石。把这张速查表打印出来，随时翻阅，每日复习。坚持运用这些模式，你的中文将从零散的短语转变为系统而自信的语言表达能力。
| Theorem/Formula | Quick Symbol | Example | 中文速记 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pinyin Structure | I + F + T | zhōng = zh + ong + 1st | 声+韵+调 |
| Tone Sandhi 3+3 | 3rd → 2nd / _ 3rd | nǐ hǎo → ní hǎo | 三声连读前变二 |
| Word Order | S + T + P + V + O | 我明天在家吃饭。 | 主时地动宾 |
| Measure Word | Num + MW + N | 三本书 | 数+量+名 |
| Yes-no Question | Statement + 吗? | 你是学生吗？ | 陈述句加“吗” |
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