📚 Year 7 SQA Computing: Summer Prep & Bridging Course | Year 7 SQA 计算机：暑期预习与衔接课程
As students transition into Year 7 (S1) of the Scottish curriculum, they encounter a formal Computing Science subject for the first time. This summer bridging course is designed to preview key concepts, build confidence, and develop computational thinking skills ahead of the SQA assessments. By engaging with practical activities and core theory, learners will be ready to tackle the CfE Technologies outcomes and enjoy a smooth start to secondary computing.
学生进入苏格兰课程 Year 7 (S1) 时，首次正式接触计算机科学学科。本暑期衔接课程旨在预习关键概念、建立信心，并在 SQA 评估前培养计算思维能力。通过实践活动和核心理论学习，学生将准备好应对卓越课程技术领域成果，顺利开启中学计算机学习之旅。
1. Why Study Computing? | 为什么学习计算机？
Computing is not just about using computers; it is about understanding how they work and using that knowledge to solve problems creatively. In Year 7, you will explore the principles behind digital technology and learn to think like a computer scientist.
计算机不仅关乎使用电脑，更关乎理解其工作原理，并利用这些知识创造性地解决问题。在七年级，你将探索数字技术背后的原理，学会像计算机科学家一样思考。
Computing skills are essential for almost every career today, from medicine to engineering to the arts. The subject develops logical reasoning, problem-solving, and digital literacy – qualities highly valued across all industries.
如今计算技能对几乎所有职业都至关重要，从医学到工程再到艺术。该学科培养逻辑推理、解决问题和数字素养——这些是所有行业都高度看重的素质。
The SQA framework under Curriculum for Excellence encourages you to be a successful learner, a confident individual, and a responsible citizen through technology. You will not only learn how to code but also how technology impacts society.
SQA 在卓越课程框架下鼓励你通过技术成为成功的学习者、自信的个体和负责任的公民。你不仅会学习编程，还将了解技术如何影响社会。
2. Computational Thinking – The Big Four | 计算思维——四大核心
Computational thinking forms the backbone of the Computing Science curriculum. It involves four main techniques: decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithmic thinking. These are strategies you can use in all subjects, not just computing.
计算思维构成计算机科学课程的支柱。它包含四种主要技术：分解、模式识别、抽象和算法思维。这些是你可以运用到所有学科而不仅限于计算领域的策略。
Decomposition – breaking a complex problem into smaller, manageable parts. For example, writing a story can be broken down into planning characters, setting, plot, and dialogue.
分解 – 将复杂问题拆分成更小、可管理的部分。例如，写一个故事可以分解为规划人物、场景、情节和对话。
Pattern recognition – identifying similarities or trends between problems. Spotting that many songs have a verse-chorus structure helps you compose music or analyse code patterns.
模式识别 – 识别问题之间的相似性或趋势。发现许多歌曲都有主歌-副歌结构，能帮助你作曲或分析代码模式。
Abstraction – focusing on the important information only, ignoring irrelevant details. A tube map removes geographic accuracy but makes route planning simple and clear.
抽象 – 仅关注重要信息，忽略无关细节。地铁线路图去掉地理准确性，却让路线规划变得简洁明了。
Algorithmic thinking – developing step-by-step solutions. A morning routine (get up, brush teeth, eat breakfast) is an algorithm you follow daily; in computing, algorithms instruct the machine what to do in logical order.
算法思维 – 开发分步的解决方案。晨间惯例（起床、刷牙、吃早餐）是你每天遵循的算法；在计算中，算法按逻辑顺序指示机器操作。
3. Algorithm Design with Flowcharts | 流程图算法设计
Before writing code, we often design algorithms using flowcharts. Flowcharts use standard symbols to represent steps, decisions, and the flow of control. Understanding these symbols helps you communicate your logic clearly to others and to the computer.
在编写代码之前，我们通常使用流程图设计算法。流程图用标准符号表示步骤、决策和控制流程。理解这些符号有助于你清晰地向他人和计算机传达逻辑。
Common flowchart symbols: an oval for Start/End, a rectangle for a process or action, a diamond for a decision (yes/no), arrows to show the direction of flow, and a parallelogram for input/output. Practise drawing them on paper before moving to digital tools.
常见流程图符号：椭圆形表示开始/结束，矩形表示过程或操作，菱形表示判断（是/否），箭头表示流程方向，平行四边形表示输入/输出。在转向数字工具之前，先在纸上练习绘制。
Consider a real-life algorithm: start → check the weather → if it’s raining, take an umbrella; else, wear sunglasses → end. This simple sequence uses a decision diamond and shows how everyday choices map to computational logic.
考虑一个生活算法：开始 → 查看天气 → 如果下雨则带上雨伞；否则戴太阳镜 → 结束。这个简单序列使用了判断菱形，展示了日常选择如何映射到计算逻辑。
4. Introduction to Scratch Programming | Scratch 编程入门
Scratch is a block-based visual programming language developed by MIT and used widely in S1 to introduce coding. You drag and snap together colour-coded blocks to create animations, games, and interactive stories. It reinforces computational thinking without the frustration of syntax errors.
Scratch 是由麻省理工学院开发的基于积木的可视化编程语言，在 S1 广泛用于编程入门。你拖放颜色编码的积木并拼接在一起，创建动画、游戏和互动故事。它强化计算思维，无需担心语法错误带来的挫败感。
Key concepts in Scratch include sprites (characters or objects), backdrops, scripts (code blocks that control behaviour), loops (repeat blocks), conditionals (if-then blocks), variables (such as score or timer), and events (when green flag clicked).
Scratch 的关键概念包括精灵（角色或物体）、背景、脚本（控制行为的代码块）、循环（重复积木）、条件判断（如果-那么积木）、变量（如分数或计时器）以及事件（当绿旗被点击）。
A typical introductory project is ‘Catch the Star Game’. The player moves a character with arrow keys, the star falls from the top using a repeat loop, and if the star touches the character, it hides and the score variable increases by one. This project teaches event handling, collision detection, and variable updates.
典型的入门项目是”接星星游戏”。玩家用方向键移动角色，星星通过重复循环从顶部落下，如果星星碰到角色，它就隐藏，分数变量增加 1。该项目教授事件处理、碰撞检测和变量更新。
5. Data and Binary Representation | 数据与二进制表示
Computers store all data using binary – a number system with only two digits: 0 and 1. These binary digits (bits) are the building blocks for numbers, text, images, and sound. Learning to convert between binary and decimal is a foundational Year 7 skill.
计算机使用二进制存储所有数据——一种仅有两个数字 0 和 1 的数制。这些二进制位（比特）是数字、文本、图像和声音的构建模块。学习二进制与十进制之间的转换是七年级的基础技能。
Decimal (base-10) uses digits 0–9; binary (base-2) uses 0–1. Each position in a binary number represents a power of 2, starting from 2⁰ on the right. For instance, decimal 13 is written as 1101 in binary (1×8 + 1×4 + 0×2 + 1×1).
十进制（基数为 10）使用数字 0–9；二进制（基数为 2）使用 0–1。二进制数的每个位置代表 2 的幂，从右侧的 2⁰ 开始。例如，十进制 13 在二进制中写为 1101（1×8 + 1×4 + 0×2 + 1×1）。
| Decimal (十进制) | Binary (8-bit) (二进制 8 位) |
|---|---|
| 0 | 00000000 |
| 1 | 00000001 |
| 2 | 00000010 |
| 5 | 00000101 |
| 10 | 00001010 |
| 15 | 00001111 |
| 42 | 00101010 |
| 255 | 11111111 |
In addition to numbers, characters are represented using codes like ASCII, where each letter and symbol is assigned a 7-bit binary number. For example, capital ‘A’ is 1000001 in binary (decimal 65).
除了数字，字符通过 ASCII 等代码表示，每个字母和符号都分配了一个 7 位二进制数。例如，大写字母 ‘A’ 的二进制是 1000001（十进制 65）。
6. Inside a Computer: Hardware & Software | 计算机内部：硬件与软件
A computer system consists of hardware (the physical parts you can touch) and software (the programs that run on the hardware). The central processing unit (CPU) is the ‘brain’ that executes instructions, while RAM (random access memory) holds data and programs currently in use.
计算机系统由硬件（你可以触摸到的物理部件）和软件（在硬件上运行的程序）组成。中央处理器 (CPU) 是执行指令的”大脑”，而随机存取存储器 (RAM) 保存当前正在使用的数据和程序。
Input devices allow users to send data into the computer: keyboard, mouse, microphone, touchscreen, and scanner. Output devices show the results of processing: monitor, printer, speakers, and headphones. Some devices, like a touchscreen, can be both input and output.
输入设备允许用户将数据送入计算机：键盘、鼠标、麦克风、触摸屏和扫描仪。输出设备显示处理结果：显示器、打印机、扬声器和耳机。某些设备如触摸屏可以兼具输入输出功能。
Storage devices, such as the hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD), keep data permanently. Software is categorised into system software (operating systems like Windows, macOS, iOS) that manages the hardware, and application software (word processors, browsers, games) that helps users complete tasks.
存储设备，如硬盘驱动器 (HDD) 或固态驱动器 (SSD)，永久保存数据。软件分为管理系统硬件的系统软件（操作系统如 Windows、macOS、iOS）和帮助用户完成任务的应用软件（文字处理器、浏览器、游戏）。
7. Understanding Networks and the Internet | 理解网络与互联网
A network is formed when two or more computers are connected to share resources such as files, printers, or an internet connection. A Local Area Network (LAN) covers a small area like a school or home, while a Wide Area Network (WAN) spans cities, countries, or the whole globe.
当两台或更多计算机连接起来以共享文件、打印机或互联网连接等资源时，就形成了网络。局域网 (LAN) 覆盖学校或家庭等小范围，广域网 (WAN) 则跨越城市、国家或整个地球。
The Internet is a giant WAN connecting millions of networks worldwide. It relies on protocols like TCP/IP to send data in small packets. Routers direct these packets through the network, and switches connect devices within a LAN. The World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of web pages accessed via the Internet using browsers; it is important to note that the Web is a service on the Internet, not the Internet itself.
互联网是一个连接全球数百万网络的巨型广域网。它依赖 TCP/IP 等协议以数据包形式发送数据。路由器在网络中引导这些数据包，交换机在局域网内连接设备。万维网 (WWW) 是通过互联网使用浏览器访问的网页集合；重要的是要认识到，Web 是互联网上的一项服务，而非互联网本身。
Key terms include: IP address (a unique number identifying a device, like a postal address), DNS (Domain Name System that translates human-friendly names like ‘google.com’ into IP addresses), and URL (Uniform Resource Locator, the full web address). Understanding how these work demystifies what happens when you click a link.
关键术语包括：IP 地址（识别设备的唯一数字，类似邮政地址）、DNS（域名系统，将
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