📚 Year 7 SQA Engineering: Core Knowledge Revision | 七年级 SQA 工程：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your Year 7 SQA Engineering revision guide. This article summarises the essential topics you need to know, from the design process and material properties to electronics, structures, and safety. Let’s build a strong engineering foundation together.
欢迎阅读七年级 SQA 工程复习指南。本文梳理了工程设计过程、材料性能、电子学、结构以及安全等关键主题，帮助你打下坚实的工程基础。
1. What is Engineering? | 工程是什么？
Engineering is the application of scientific and mathematical principles to design, build, and improve structures, machines, systems, and processes. Engineers solve real-world problems, from developing clean energy solutions to creating safe transport networks. The field is broad and touches every part of modern life.
工程是将科学和数学原理应用于设计、建造和改进结构、机器、系统和过程的一门学科。工程师解决现实世界的问题，从开发清洁能源方案到创建安全的交通网络。工程领域十分广泛，触及现代生活的方方面面。
2. The Engineering Design Process | 工程设计过程
Engineers follow a structured design process to develop effective solutions. It typically begins with identifying a need or problem, followed by researching existing solutions and brainstorming ideas. After selecting the best concept, a prototype is built and tested. Testing reveals areas for improvement, so the design is refined in an iterative cycle until it meets all requirements.
工程师遵循结构化的设计流程来开发有效的解决方案。通常从明确需求或问题开始，接着研究现有解决方案并进行头脑风暴。选出最佳方案后，制作原型并进行测试。测试会发现需要改进的地方，因此通过反复的循环对设计进行优化，直到满足所有要求。
3. Materials in Engineering | 工程材料
Engineers choose materials based on their properties and the product’s function. The main categories are metals (such as steel and aluminium), polymers (plastics like PVC and nylon), ceramics (glass and porcelain), and composites (fibreglass and carbon fibre). Natural materials like wood and stone are also used in many engineering applications.
工程师根据材料的性能以及产品的功能选择材料。主要类别有金属（如钢和铝）、聚合物（塑料，如 PVC 和尼龙）、陶瓷（玻璃和瓷器）以及复合材料（玻璃纤维和碳纤维）。木材和石材等天然材料也被用于许多工程应用中。
4. Properties of Materials | 材料性能
Material properties determine how a substance behaves under different conditions. Key properties include hardness (resistance to scratching), strength (ability to withstand force without breaking), toughness (ability to absorb energy before fracturing), electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, density, and elasticity. Selecting the right combination of properties is crucial for a safe and durable design.
材料性能决定了材料在不同条件下的表现。关键性能包括硬度（抗刮伤能力）、强度（承受力而不破坏的能力）、韧性（断裂前吸收能量的能力）、导电性、导热性、密度和弹性。选择恰当的性能组合对于设计出安全耐用的产品至关重要。
5. Forces and Structures | 力与结构
Structures must withstand various forces. Tension pulls materials apart, compression pushes them together, torsion twists them, shear causes layers to slide, and bending combines tension and compression. Common structural forms include beam bridges, arch bridges, truss frameworks, and suspension bridges, each distributing forces differently to remain stable.
结构必须承受各种力。拉力将材料拉开，压力将它们挤在一起，扭力使其扭转，剪切力导致层间滑动，弯曲则同时产生拉力和压力。常见的结构形式有梁式桥、拱桥、桁架结构和悬索桥，每种结构以不同的方式分散力以保持稳定。
6. Simple Machines and Mechanisms | 简单机械与机构
Simple machines reduce the effort needed to do work. They include the lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, and screw. Gears are toothed wheels that transmit rotary motion and can change speed, torque, or direction. These mechanisms form the building blocks of more complex engineering systems.
简单机械可以减少做工所需的力。它们包括杠杆、轮轴、滑轮、斜面、楔子和螺旋。齿轮是一种带齿的轮子，用于传递旋转运动，并可改变速度、扭矩或方向。这些机构构成了更复杂工程系统的基本组件。
7. Introduction to Electronics | 电子学入门
Electronics involves controlling electric current to perform useful tasks. Current (I) is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). Voltage (V) is the electrical pressure that pushes current, measured in volts (V). Resistance (R) opposes current flow and is measured in ohms (Ω). The relationship between these three quantities is given by Ohm’s Law.
电子学涉及控制电流来完成有用的任务。电流 (I) 是电荷的流动，以安培 (A) 为单位。电压 (V) 是推动电流流动的电压力，以伏特 (V) 为单位。电阻 (R) 阻碍电流流动，以欧姆 (Ω) 为单位。这三者之间的关系由欧姆定律给出。
V = I × R
8. Circuits in Series and Parallel | 串联与并联电路
In a series circuit, components are connected end-to-end, so the same current flows through each one. The total voltage is shared, and if one component fails, the whole circuit stops. In a parallel circuit, components are connected on separate branches, each receiving the full supply voltage. The total current is divided among the branches, and one faulty branch does not affect the others.
在串联电路中，元器件首尾相连，因此流过每个元器件的电流相同。总电压被分摊，如果一个元器件发生故障，整个电路就会停止工作。在并联电路中，元器件连接在独立的分支上，每个分支获得完整的电源电压。总电流在各分支间分配，一条分支的故障不会影响其他分支。
9. Manufacturing and Joining Methods | 制造与连接方法
Manufacturing processes include cutting (sawing, drilling), forming (bending, casting), and joining. Joining techniques can be permanent, such as welding, soldering, and adhesive bonding, or non-permanent, like nuts, bolts, and screws. The chosen method depends on the materials, required strength, and whether the product may need to be disassembled later.
制造工艺包括切割（锯切、钻孔）、成形（弯曲、铸造）和连接。连接技术可以是永久性的，如焊接、软钎焊和粘合剂粘接，也可以是非永久性的，如螺母、螺栓和螺钉。所选方法取决于材料、所需强度以及产品后续是否需要拆卸。
10. Sustainability in Engineering | 工程中的可持续性
Sustainable engineering aims to minimise environmental impact. Designers consider the entire product life cycle: sourcing raw materials, manufacturing, transport, use, and disposal or recycling. Using renewable energy, reducing waste, designing for easy repair, and selecting recycled or biodegradable materials are all practical ways to make engineering greener.
可持续工程旨在最大限度地减少对环境的影响。设计者会考虑产品的整个生命周期：获取原材料、制造、运输、使用以及废弃或回收。使用可再生能源、减少废弃物、设计便于维修的产品以及选用可回收或可生物降解的材料，都是使工程更加环保的实用方法。
11. Safety in the Workshop | 工作坊安全
Safety is the top priority in any engineering environment. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as safety goggles, gloves, and steel-toe boots must be worn when required. Always follow safety signs, never operate machinery without training, and keep work areas clean and tidy. Reporting hazards immediately helps prevent accidents.
在任何工程环境中，安全都是第一位的。当有要求时，必须佩戴个人防护装备 (PPE)，例如护目镜、手套和防砸安全鞋。始终遵守安全标志，未经培训不得操作机器，并保持工作区域干净整洁。立即报告危险有助于防止事故发生。
12. Engineering in the Real World | 现实世界中的工程
Engineering disciplines include civil (roads, dams), mechanical (engines, robotics), electrical (power generation, circuits), and aerospace (aircraft, satellites). These specialists work together to create complex systems like smartphones, electric vehicles, and space stations. Engineering shapes the world we live in and will continue to drive future innovations.
工程学科包括土木工程（道路、大坝）、机械工程（发动机、机器人）、电气工程（发电、电路）和航空航天工程（飞机、卫星）。这些专业人员协同工作，创造出智能手机、电动汽车和空间站等复杂系统。工程塑造了我们生活的世界，并将继续推动未来的创新。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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