📚 Year 7 SQA Engineering: Key Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Year 7 SQA 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick-reference guide designed to help you master essential engineering terminology for the SQA Year 7 (S1) curriculum. Engineering is all about applying science and maths to solve real-world problems. This guide presents key terms with clear definitions, practical examples, and memory tips, all in paired English and Chinese explanations. By linking each concept to a vivid image or simple reasoning, you can memorise vocabulary faster and build a solid foundation for future study.
欢迎使用本速记指南，旨在帮助你掌握 SQA 中学七年级（S1）工程核心术语。工程学是将科学与数学应用于解决实际问题。本指南通过中英对照的清晰定义、实例和记忆提示，呈现关键术语。将每个概念与生动的图像或简单的逻辑联系起来，你就能更快速地记忆词汇，为未来的学习打下坚实基础。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
A force is any push or pull that can change the speed, direction or shape of an object. In engineering, forces are constantly being managed – from the thrust of a rocket to the load on a bridge. The standard unit of force is the newton (N).
力是能改变物体速度、方向或形状的任何推或拉。在工程中，力无处不在——从火箭的推力到桥梁的荷载。力的标准单位是牛顿（N）。
Friction is the force that resists motion between two surfaces in contact. Without friction, car tyres would slip and you could not hold a pencil. Engineers must consider both useful and unwanted friction when designing machines.
摩擦力是抵抗两个接触表面相对运动的力。如果没有摩擦力，汽车轮胎会打滑，你也无法握住铅笔。工程师在设计机器时必须同时考虑有益和有害的摩擦力。
Gravity is the attractive force between objects with mass. On Earth, gravity pulls everything towards the centre of the planet, giving objects weight. Remember: weight = mass × gravitational field strength. Mass is the amount of matter and does not change, while weight can vary with gravity.
重力是有质量物体之间的吸引力。在地球上，重力将所有物体拉向地心，赋予物体重量。记住：重量 = 质量 × 重力场强。质量是物质的多少且不变，而重量会随重力变化。
To memorise ‘newton’, think of Isaac Newton observing a falling apple. The apple accelerated because an unbalanced force (gravity) acted on it. That image links force, mass and acceleration together.
要记住“牛顿”，联想艾萨克·牛顿观察苹果落地的情景。苹果加速是因为有不平衡力（重力）作用。这幅图像将力、质量和加速度联系在一起。
2. Materials and Properties | 材料与特性
A material is any substance used to make an object. Engineers choose materials based on their properties – the characteristics that describe how a material behaves. Common properties include hardness, flexibility, strength and conductivity.
材料是用于制造物体的任何物质。工程师根据材料的特性（描述材料行为的特征）来选择材料。常见特性包括硬度、柔韧性、强度和导电性。
Hardness measures how resistant a material is to being scratched or dented. Diamond is extremely hard, while chalk is soft. For a drill bit, you need a hard material like high-speed steel. Think ‘hard = difficult to scratch’.
硬度衡量材料抵抗划伤或凹陷的能力。钻石极硬，粉笔则软。对于钻头，你需要高速钢这样的硬质材料。记忆：“硬 = 不易刮花”。
Flexibility (or ductility in metals) describes how easily a material can bend without breaking. Copper wire is ductile, so it can be drawn into thin wires. A glass rod is not flexible – it shatters. Imagine a gymnast bending smoothly to recall ‘flexibility’.
柔韧性（金属中常称延展性）描述材料容易弯曲而不断裂的程度。铜线延展性好，可拉成细丝。玻璃棒不柔韧，会碎裂。想象体操运动员柔韧弯曲来记忆“柔韧性”。
Electrical conductivity is the ability to allow electric current to flow. Metals like copper and aluminium are conductors; plastics and rubber are insulators. A simple memory trick: ‘conductors let current continue’.
导电性是允许电流通过的能力。铜、铝等金属是导体；塑料和橡胶是绝缘体。记忆小窍门：“导体让电流继续（conductors let current continue）”。
Strength refers to how well a material can withstand a force without breaking. Tensile strength resists pulling; compressive strength resists pushing. Steel has high tensile strength, making it ideal for cables. Link ‘strength’ to ‘strong’ and picture a weightlifter.
强度指材料承受力而不破坏的能力。抗拉强度抵抗拉伸；抗压强度抵抗压缩。钢的抗拉强度高，适合做缆绳。将“强度”与“强壮”联系，想象举重运动员。
3. Energy and Power | 能量与功率
Energy is the ability to do work. It exists in many forms, including kinetic, potential, thermal and electrical. The unit of energy is the joule (J). In engineering, energy transfers and transformations are fundamental to all systems.
能量是做功的能力。它有多种形式，包括动能、势能、热能和电能。能量的单位是焦耳（J）。在工程中，能量的传递和转化是所有系统的基础。
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Any moving object – a rolling ball, a spinning turbine – possesses kinetic energy. The faster the object, the more kinetic energy it has. Memory aid: ‘kinetic’ sounds like ‘kinetic = moving’, like cinema (moving pictures).
动能是运动的能量。任何运动的物体——滚动的球、旋转的涡轮——都具有动能。物体运动越快，动能越大。记忆法：“kinetic”听起来像“运动的”，类似“cinema”（运动的画面）。
Potential energy is stored energy due to position or state. A book on a shelf has gravitational potential energy; a compressed spring has elastic potential energy. Think ‘potential = possibility to do work’. Wind turbines convert kinetic energy into electrical energy.
势能是由于位置或状态而储存的能量。书架上的书具有重力势能；压缩的弹簧具有弹性势能。联想“势能 = 做功的可能性”。风力涡轮机将风的动能转化为电能。
Power is the rate at which energy is transferred or work is done. It is measured in watts (W), where 1 watt = 1 joule per second. A powerful engine does work quickly. Remember: ‘power = how fast energy flows’.
功率是能量传递或做功的速率，单位是瓦特（W），1瓦特 = 1焦耳/秒。功率大的发动机做功迅速。记忆：“功率 = 能量流动的速度”。
Efficiency compares useful output energy to total input energy, often expressed as a percentage. No machine is 100% efficient due to friction and heat loss. Engineers strive to maximise efficiency to save energy and cost. Use the formula: efficiency = (useful energy out ÷ total energy in) × 100%.
效率比较有用输出能量与总输入能量，通常以百分比表示。由于摩擦和热损失，没有机器能达到100%效率。工程师努力最大化效率以节约能源和成本。可用公式：效率 = (有用输出能 ÷ 总输入能) × 100%。
4. Basic Electronics | 基础电子学
An electric circuit is a complete loop through which current can flow. It must include a power source (like a battery), conductors (wires) and a load (such as a lamp). If the loop is broken, current stops – this is called an open circuit.
电路是电流可以流过的完整回路。必须包含电源（如电池）、导体（导线）和负载（如灯泡）。如果回路断开，电流停止——这称为断路。
Current (I) is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). It is like the amount of water flowing through a pipe. More charge per second means higher current. Use the water analogy: current = flow rate.
电流（I）是电荷的流动，单位是安培（A）。它类似于水管中流过的水量。每秒通过的电量越多，电流越大。用水流类比：电流 = 流率。
Voltage (V) is the ‘push’ that drives current around a circuit. It is measured in volts (V). Think of voltage as the pressure from a pump pushing water. A higher voltage provides a stronger push.
电压（V）是驱动电流在电路中流动的“推力”，单位是伏特（V）。将电压想象为水泵产生的压力。电压越高，推力越强。
Resistance (R) opposes the flow of current, measured in ohms (Ω). Components like resistors are used to control current. A thin wire has more resistance than a thick one, just as a narrow pipe restricts water flow. Ohm’s law relates these: V = I × R.
电阻（R）阻碍电流流动，单位是欧姆（Ω）。电阻器等元件用于控制电流。细导线比粗导线电阻大，就像窄水管限制水流一样。欧姆定律给出关系：V = I × R。
A series circuit has only one path for current. If one component fails, the whole circuit stops. A parallel circuit has multiple paths, so other branches keep working. Remember: ‘series = single path; parallel = plenty of paths’.
串联电路只有一条电流通路。如果一个元件损坏，整个电路停止工作。并联电路有多条通路，因此其他支路仍可工作。记忆：“串联 = 单一路径；并联 = 多条路径”。
5. Structures and Loads | 结构与荷载
A structure is an arrangement of parts designed to support loads. Bridges, towers and cranes are all engineering structures. A load is a force applied to a structure. Dead loads are permanent (like the weight of the structure itself); live loads are temporary (like traffic on a bridge).
结构是为承受荷载而设计的构件组合。桥梁、塔和起重机都是工程结构。荷载是施加在结构上的力。恒载是永久性的（如结构自身重量）；活载是临时的（如桥上的交通）。
Compression is a pushing force that squeezes a material, making it shorter. Columns in a building experience compression. Tension is a pulling force that stretches a material. Cables on a suspension bridge are under tension. To differentiate, think: ‘compression = cuddle (squeeze); tension = tug (pull)’.
压缩是挤压材料使其变短的推力。建筑中的立柱受压缩。拉伸是拉伸材料的拉力。悬索桥的缆索承受拉伸。区分记忆：“压缩 = 拥抱（挤压）；拉伸 = 拉扯”。
A beam is a horizontal structural element that resists bending under load. A column is a vertical member that primarily supports compressive loads. Trusses use triangular frameworks to spread loads efficiently, common in roofs and bridges.
梁是承受荷载下弯曲的水平结构件。柱是主要承受压缩荷载的竖向构件。桁架利用三角形框架高效分散荷载，常见于屋顶和桥梁。
Stability means a structure’s ability to return to its original position after a small disturbance. A wide base and low centre of gravity improve stability. Think of a pyramid: wide bottom, narrow top, very stable. Engineers use this principle when designing tall structures.
稳定性指结构在受到微小扰动后回到原位的能力。宽大底座和低重心可提高稳定性。想想金字塔：底宽顶窄，非常稳定。工程师设计高层结构时运用这一原理。
6. Simple Machines | 简单机械
Simple machines are basic devices that change the direction or magnitude of a force, making work easier. The six classic types are lever, pulley, inclined plane, wheel and axle, wedge and screw. In SQA engineering, you will mainly encounter levers, pulleys and inclined planes.
简单机械是改变力方向或大小的基本装置，使工作更省力。六种经典类型为杠杆、滑轮、斜面、轮轴、楔子和螺旋。在 SQA 工程中，你主要接触杠杆、滑轮和斜面。
A lever is a rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point called the fulcrum. By applying effort at one end, you can lift a load at the other. The longer the effort arm, the less force needed. Example: a crowbar or seesaw. Memory: ‘lever = lift easier’.
杠杆是绕固定支点转动的刚性杆。在一端施力，可抬起另一端的重物。动力臂越长，所需力越小。例子：撬棍或跷跷板。记忆：“杠杆 = 轻松抬起（lever = lift easier）”。
A pulley is a wheel with a groove that holds a rope or cable. It changes the direction of effort, making it easier to lift loads vertically by pulling down. Multiple pulleys combined (block and tackle) reduce the effort further. Imagine pulling down to raise a flag – that is a pulley system.
滑轮是一个带槽的轮子，可容纳绳索。它改变施力方向，通过向下拉就能轻松垂直提升重物。多个滑轮组合（滑轮组）进一步减少所需力。想象向下拉绳升国旗——那就是滑轮系统。
An inclined plane is a flat surface set at an angle to the horizontal. Pushing a load up a ramp requires less force over a longer distance compared to lifting straight up. Wheelchair ramps and loading bays use this principle. Think: ‘incline = easier slope’.
斜面是与水平面成一定角度的平面。与垂直提升相比，沿斜面推物需要更小的力但移动距离更长。轮椅坡道和装卸台都利用这一原理。记忆：“斜面 = 更轻松的坡道”。
Mechanical advantage (MA) compares the output force to the input force. If a machine has an MA of 4, it multiplies your effort by four. MA = load ÷ effort. Simple machines aim to give a mechanical advantage, reducing the effort needed.
机械效益（MA）比较输出力与输入力。若一台机器的机械效益为4，它将你的力放大4倍。MA = 负载 ÷ 动力。简单机械旨在提供机械效益，减少所需动力。
7. Measurement and Units | 测量与单位
Accurate measurement is fundamental in engineering. SI units provide a standard system. Length is measured in metres (m), mass in kilograms (kg), time in seconds (s) and force in newtons (N). Always include units with numerical values.
精确测量是工程的基础。国际单位制提供了标准体系。长度用米（m），质量用千克（kg），时间用秒（s），力用牛顿（N）。数值后务必标注单位。
Pressure measures how concentrated a force is over an area. The unit is the pascal (Pa), where 1 Pa = 1 N/m². Sharp objects like knives create high pressure because the force acts on a tiny area. To remember: ‘pascal = pressure per square metre’.
压力衡量力在面积上的集中程度。单位是帕斯卡（Pa），1 Pa = 1 N/m²。刀具等尖锐物体产生高压，因为力作用在极小面积上。记忆：“帕斯卡 = 每平方米压力”。
In electronics, we measure voltage in volts (V), current in amperes (A) and resistance in ohms (Ω). A multimeter can measure all three. Use the abbreviation V, A and the Greek letter omega (Ω) for ohm. Visualise the omega symbol as a horseshoe to recall resistance.
在电子学中，电压用伏特（V），电流用安培（A），电阻用欧姆（Ω）测量。万用表可测全部三个量。使用缩写 V、A 和希腊字母 Ω（欧姆）。将 Ω 想象为马蹄铁以记忆电阻。
For energy and power, use joules (J) and watts (W). A kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a practical unit of energy, equal to using 1000 W for one hour. Engineers also use prefixes like kilo- (10³), mega- (10⁶) and milli- (10⁻³). Learn the prefix pattern to scale values quickly.
能量与功率用焦耳（J）和瓦特（W）。千瓦时（kWh）是实用能量单位，等于1000瓦功率工作一小时。工程师还使用词头，如千（10³）、兆（10⁶）和毫（10⁻³）。学习词头规律以快速缩放数值。
8. Engineering Tools and Equipment | 工程工具与设备
Engineers use a range of hand tools and measuring instruments. A spanner (or wrench) tightens or loosens nuts and bolts. Choose the correct size to avoid damaging the fastener. Memory: ‘spanner spans the nut’.
工程师使用多种手动工具和测量仪表。扳手用于拧紧或松开螺母螺栓。选用正确尺寸以避免损坏紧固件。记忆：“扳手横跨螺母（spanner spans the nut）”。
Screwdrivers come in flat-head and cross-head (Phillips) types. They turn screws into materials. Always match the driver tip to the screw head. Pliers grip, bend or cut wires. Safety rule: never use pliers on nuts – use a spanner.
螺丝刀有平头和十字头（菲利普斯）两种。用于将螺丝旋入材料。务必使刀头与螺丝头匹配。钳子用于夹持、弯曲或剪断导线。安全规则：切勿用钳子拧螺母——应使用扳手。
A vernier calliper or digital calliper measures lengths precisely, often down to 0.1 mm or better. It can measure external, internal and depth dimensions. A micrometer offers even finer precision. These tools are vital for quality control in manufacturing.
游标卡尺或数显卡尺可精确测量长度，通常可达0.1 mm 或更高精度。能测外径、内径和深度。千分尺精度更高。这些工具对制造业质量控制至关重要。
Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes safety goggles, gloves, ear defenders and steel-toe boots. PPE is the last line of defence against hazards. Always wear the required PPE in a workshop or lab. Think of a goalkeeper: PPE protects you like gloves protect a goalkeeper.
个人防护装备（PPE）包括护目镜、手套、耳罩和钢头鞋。PPE 是抵御危害的最后防线。在车间或实验室始终穿戴规定的 PPE。想象守门员：PPE 像手套保护守门员一样保护你。
9. Design and Problem-Solving | 设计与问题解决
The engineering design process is a systematic method to solve problems. It typically starts with a design brief – a statement outlining the problem, requirements and constraints. A specification lists detailed criteria the solution must meet, such as size, weight, cost and materials.
工程设计流程是系统解决问题的方法。通常从设计纲要开始——一份概述问题、要求和约束的陈述。规格说明书列出解决方案必须满足的详细标准，如尺寸、重量、成本和材料。
A prototype is an early model or sample built to test a concept. Prototypes allow engineers to identify flaws and improve the design before mass production. Think of it as a ‘first draft’ of a product. The phrase ‘prototype = proto (first) + type’ helps you remember.
原型是为测试概念而制造的早期模型或样品。原型让工程师能在大规模生产前发现缺陷并改进设计。将其视为产品的“初稿”。短语“原型 = proto（最初）+ type（类型）”助你记忆。
Testing and evaluation are crucial steps. You must check whether the prototype meets the specification. If it fails, you modify the design and test again. This loop is called iteration. Engineers keep iterating until the product is safe, effective and reliable.
测试与评估是关键步骤。必须检查原型是否符合规格。若失败，修改设计后再次测试。这一循环称为迭代。工程师不断迭代直至产品安全、有效且可靠。
Constraints are limitations such as time, budget, materials available or environmental regulations. Good engineers create solutions that work within constraints. Use the memory link: ‘constraint = restricts’. No design has unlimited freedom.
约束是限制条件，如时间、预算、可用材料或环保法规。优秀工程师能在约束下创造解决方案。记忆链接：“约束 = 限制”。没有任何设计拥有无限自由。
10. Safety in Engineering | 工程安全
Safety is the top priority in all engineering activities. A hazard is anything that could cause harm, such as sharp edges, high voltage or heavy objects. Risk is the likelihood that a hazard will cause injury, combined with the severity of the outcome. Always separate hazard (danger) from risk (chance).
安全是所有工程活动的首要任务。危害是任何可能造成伤害的事物，如锋利边缘、高电压或重物。风险是危害导致伤害的可能性与后果严重性的结合。始终区分危害（危险源头）与风险（发生的可能性）。
A risk assessment identifies hazards, evaluates the risks and determines control measures. Control measures reduce risk – for example, using guards on machines, providing training, or wearing PPE. The goal is to make the workshop as safe as possible.
风险评估识别危害，评估风险并确定控制措施。控制措施降低风险——例如，机器加装防护罩、提供培训或穿戴 PPE。目标是尽可能使车间安全。
An emergency stop button (E-stop) immediately cuts power to machinery when pressed. It is bright red and must be easily reachable. Fire extinguishers are classified by the type of fire they tackle: CO₂ for electrical fires, foam for flammable liquids. Know your extinguisher colours.
急停按钮（E-stop）按下后立即切断机器电源。它呈亮红色，必须触手可及。灭火器按扑灭火灾类型分类：CO₂ 用于电气火灾，泡沫用于易燃液体。熟记灭火器颜色。
Workshop rules are non-negotiable: tie back long hair, roll up sleeves, remove jewellery, and never run. Always report spills, damaged tools or accidents immediately. A tidy workspace prevents trips and falls. Repeat the mantra: ‘A safe engineer is a responsible engineer’.
车间规则不容妥协：扎起长发、卷起袖子、摘下首饰、禁止奔跑。始终立即报告溢出物、损坏工具或事故。整洁的工作区防止绊倒。重复格言：“安全工程师是负责任的工程师”。
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