📚 Year 7 SQA Maths: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 7 SQA 数学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential vocabulary guide for Year 7 SQA Mathematics. Understanding the language of maths is the first step towards solving problems with confidence. This article collects the most important terms you will meet in number work, algebra, geometry and data handling, with clear English definitions followed immediately by matching Chinese explanations to help you lock each word into memory.
欢迎阅读 Year 7 SQA 数学的核心词汇速记指南。理解数学语言是自信解题的第一步。本文汇集了你在数字运算、代数、几何和数据处理中会遇到的最重要术语，每个术语先给出清晰的英文定义，紧接着提供对应的中文解释，帮助你把每一个词牢牢记住。
1. Number and Place Value | 数字与位值
Integer: Any whole number that can be positive, negative, or zero, such as -3, 0, 7, 42. Integers do not have fractional or decimal parts.
整数：任何可以是正数、负数或零的整数，例如 -3、0、7、42。整数不包含分数或小数部分。
Whole number: A number from the set {0, 1, 2, 3, …}. Whole numbers are non-negative integers and are used for counting and ordering.
非负整数：来自集合 {0, 1, 2, 3, …} 的数字。非负整数是大于等于零的整数，用于计数和排序。
Negative number: A number less than zero, written with a minus sign, for example -1, -5.5, -12. On a number line, negative numbers lie to the left of zero.
负数：小于零的数，书写时带负号，例如 -1、-5.5、-12。在数轴上，负数位于零的左侧。
Place value: The value of a digit based on its position in a number. In 352, the digit 5 is in the tens place, so its value is 50.
位值：数字中某一数字根据其位置所具有的值。在 352 中，数字 5 在十位上，因此它的值是 50。
Digit: A single symbol used to write numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Our number system uses ten digits.
数字符号：用于书写数字的单个符号：0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9。我们的计数系统使用十个数字符号。
Number line: A straight line on which every point represents a real number. It helps to compare and order numbers, and to model addition and subtraction.
数轴：一条直线，上面的每一个点都表示一个实数。数轴有助于比较和排序数字，并为加法和减法建立模型。
2. Addition and Subtraction | 加法和减法
Sum: The result of adding two or more numbers. In 7 + 8 = 15, the sum is 15.
和：两个或多个数相加的结果。在 7 + 8 = 15 中，和是 15。
Difference: The result of subtracting one number from another. In 15 – 8 = 7, the difference is 7.
差：从一个数中减去另一个数所得的结果。在 15 – 8 = 7 中，差是 7。
Inverse operation: An operation that reverses the effect of another. Addition and subtraction are inverse operations: 12 + 3 = 15 and 15 – 3 = 12 undo each other.
逆运算：能够逆转另一种运算效果的运算。加法和减法互为逆运算：12 + 3 = 15 和 15 – 3 = 12 相互抵消。
Commutative property: A law stating that order does not matter for addition: a + b = b + a. Subtraction is not commutative.
交换律：一条说明顺序对加法没有影响的定律：a + b = b + a。减法不满足交换律。
Regrouping (carrying/borrowing): A method used when adding or subtracting multi-digit numbers. When the sum of digits in a place exceeds 9, we carry to the next place; when subtracting and a digit is too small, we borrow from the next larger place.
重组（进位/借位）：多位数加减法中使用的方法。当某一位的数字之和超过 9 时，就向下一位进位；做减法时如果某一位数字太小，就从上一位借位。
3. Multiplication and Division | 乘法和除法
Product: The result of multiplying two or more numbers. In 6 x 7 = 42, the product is 42.
积：两个或多个数相乘的结果。在 6 × 7 = 42 中，积是 42。
Quotient: The result of dividing one number by another. In 42 ÷ 7 = 6, the quotient is 6.
商：一个数除以另一个数的结果。在 42 ÷ 7 = 6 中，商是 6。
Factor: A whole number that divides exactly into another number. The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.
因数：能整除另一个数的整数。12 的因数有 1、2、3、4、6 和 12。
Multiple: A number that can be obtained by multiplying a given number by an integer. The first five multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, 20.
倍数：通过给定的数与一个整数相乘得到的数。4 的前五个倍数是 4、8、12、16、20。
Prime number: A whole number greater than 1 that has exactly two factors: 1 and itself. Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13.
质数：大于 1 且只有两个因数（1 和自身）的整数。例如：2、3、5、7、11、13。
Square number: The product of an integer multiplied by itself. 9 is a square number because 3 x 3 = 9. The first five square numbers are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25.
平方数：一个整数与自身相乘的积。9 是平方数，因为 3 × 3 = 9。前五个平方数是 1、4、9、16、25。
Remainder: The amount left over after division when one number does not divide the other exactly. 14 ÷ 3 = 4 remainder 2.
余数：除法中不能整除时剩下的部分。14 ÷ 3 = 4 余 2。
4. Fractions, Decimals and Percentages | 分数、小数和百分比
Numerator: The top number in a fraction. It tells how many equal parts are being considered. In 3/8, the numerator is 3.
分子：分数中上面的数字。它表示选取了多少个等份。在 3/8 中，分子是 3。
Denominator: The bottom number in a fraction. It shows the total number of equal parts the whole is divided into. In 3/8, the denominator is 8.
分母：分数中下面的数字。它表示整体被分成了多少个等份。在 3/8 中，分母是 8。
Equivalent fractions: Different fractions that represent the same value. For example, 1/2 = 2/4 = 4/8. They are found by multiplying or dividing numerator and denominator by the same number.
等价分数：表示相同值但形式不同的分数。例如 1/2 = 2/4 = 4/8。可以通过将分子和分母同时乘以或除以同一个数得到。
Mixed number: A number that combines a whole number and a proper fraction, such as 2 1/3. It is another way to write an improper fraction (7/3).
带分数：由一个整数和一个真分数组合而成的数，例如 2 1/3。它是假分数（7/3）的另一种写法。
Decimal: A number written with a decimal point to show values less than one. 0.75 means 75 hundredths. The first place after the point is tenths, the second is hundredths.
小数：用小数点隔开、表示小于 1 的值的数。0.75 表示 75 个百分之一。小数点后第一位是十分位，第二位是百分位。
Percent (%): A way of expressing a number as a fraction of 100. 35% means 35 out of 100, written as 35/100 or 0.35.
百分比 (%)：将一个数表示为 100 的分数的方法。35% 的意思是百分之三十五，写作 35/100 或 0.35。
Convert: To change a number from one form to another without changing its value. You can convert 1/4 to 0.25 or to 25%.
转换：在不改变数值的前提下将数字从一种形式变成另一种形式。你可以把 1/4 转换为 0.25 或 25%。
5. Algebra and Equations | 代数与方程
Variable: A symbol, usually a letter, that stands for an unknown number. In the expression 3x + 5, x is the variable.
变量：一个符号，通常是字母，代表未知的数。在表达式 3x + 5 中，x 是变量。
Expression: A mathematical phrase that can contain numbers, variables and operation signs, but no equals sign. Examples: 2a + 7, 5y – 3.
表达式：包含数字、变量和运算符号但不含等号的数学短语。例如：2a + 7、5y – 3。
Equation: A statement that two expressions are equal, shown with an equals sign. 2x + 3 = 11 is an equation.
方程：表明两个表达式相等的陈述，用等号连接。2x + 3 = 11 就是一个方程。
Term: A single number, variable, or numbers and variables multiplied together, separated by + or – signs. In 4x + 3y – 7, there are three terms: 4x, 3y, -7.
项：单个数字、单个变量，或数字与变量相乘得到的部分，各项之间由 + 或 – 分隔。在 4x + 3y – 7 中，有三个项：4x、3y 和 -7。
Coefficient: The number that is multiplied by a variable. In 5x, the coefficient is 5. If the variable stands alone, the coefficient is 1.
系数：与变量相乘的数。在 5x 中，系数是 5。如果变量单独出现，系数就是 1。
Like terms: Terms that contain exactly the same variables raised to the same powers. 3x and 7x are like terms and can be simplified to 10x. 3x and 3y are not like terms.
同类项：变量及其指数都完全相同的项。3x 和 7x 是同类项，可以简化为 10x。3x 和 3y 不是同类项。
Solve: To find the value of the variable that makes an equation true. Solving x + 5 = 9 gives x = 4.
解：求出使方程成立的变量的值。解 x + 5 = 9 得到 x = 4。
6. Geometry: Shapes and Angles | 几何：形状与角
Polygon: A closed 2D shape made of straight lines. Triangles, quadrilaterals and pentagons are all polygons. A polygon with n sides is called an n-gon.
多边形：由直线段围成的封闭二维图形。三角形、四边形和五边形都是多边形。有 n 条边的多边形称为 n 边形。
Quadrilateral: Any four-sided polygon. Squares, rectangles, rhombuses and trapeziums are all quadrilaterals. The sum of interior angles is always 360°.
四边形：任何有四条边的多边形。正方形、长方形、菱形和梯形都是四边形。其内角和总为 360°。
Right angle: An angle that measures exactly 90°. It is often marked with a small square in diagrams.
直角：恰好为 90° 的角。在图中常用一个小正方形标示。
Acute angle: An angle that measures less than 90°. A typical acute angle looks sharp and narrow.
锐角：小于 90° 的角。典型的锐角看起来尖锐而窄小。
Obtuse angle: An angle greater than 90° but less than 180°. It appears wider than a right angle.
钝角：大于 90° 但小于 180° 的角。它看起来比直角更开阔。
Parallel lines: Lines that are always the same distance apart and never meet, no matter how far they are extended. Train tracks are a good model of parallel lines.
平行线：始终保持相同距离、无论延伸多远都不相交的直线。铁路轨道是平行线的一个很好的模型。
Perpendicular lines: Two lines that meet or intersect at a right angle (90°). The corner of a square shows perpendicular lines.
垂直线：以直角（90°）相交的两条直线。正方形的角处就体现了垂直线。
Symmetry: A shape has symmetry if one half is an exact mirror image of the other when folded along a line. The line is called a line of symmetry.
对称：如果一个图形沿某条线对折后，一半能够与另一半完全重合，那么这个图形具有对称性。那条线叫做对称轴。
7. Measurement: Length, Area and Volume | 测量：长度、面积与体积
Perimeter: The total distance around the outside of a 2D shape. For a rectangle, perimeter = 2 x (length + width). Units can be cm, m, etc.
周长：二维图形外边界的总长度。对于长方形，周长 = 2 × (长 + 宽)。单位可以是厘米、米等。
Area: The amount of space inside a 2D shape, measured in square units (cm², m²). Area of a rectangle = length x width.
面积：二维图形内部的空间大小，用平方单位（cm²、m²）来度量。长方形的面积 = 长 × 宽。
Volume: The amount of space a 3D object occupies, measured in cubic units (cm³, m³). Volume of a cuboid = length x width x height.
体积：三维物体所占空间的大小，用立方单位（cm³、m³）来度量。长方体的体积 = 长 × 宽 × 高。
Capacity: The maximum amount a container can hold. It is often measured in millilitres (mL) and litres (L). 1 L = 1000 mL, and 1 mL is equivalent to 1 cm³.
容量：容器能容纳的最大量。常用毫升（mL）和升（L）来度量。1 L = 1000 mL，1 mL 相当于 1 cm³。
Metric units: The standard units of measurement based on powers of ten. Length: mm, cm (1 cm = 10 mm), m (1 m = 100 cm), km (1 km = 1000 m).
公制单位：基于 10 的幂次的标准测量单位。长度：毫米（mm）、厘米（1 cm = 10 mm）、米（1 m = 100 cm）、千米（1 km = 1000 m）。
Mass: The amount of matter in an object, measured in grams (g) and kilograms (kg). 1 kg = 1000 g. Mass is different from weight, which depends on gravity.
质量：物体所含物质的多少，用克（g）和千克（kg）来度量。1 kg = 1000 g。质量不同于重量，重量取决于重力。
8. Data Handling and Probability | 数据处理与概率
Data: A collection of facts, numbers or other information. Data can be collected through surveys, experiments or observations.
数据：事实、数字或其他信息的集合。数据可以通过调查、实验或观察来收集。
Frequency: The number of times a particular data value or category occurs. In a tally chart, each mark counts one frequency.
频数：某个特定数据值或类别出现的次数。在计数表中，每个记数符号代表一次频数。
Bar chart: A graph that uses bars of equal width to show frequencies, categories or comparisons. The height of each bar represents the value.
条形图：用等宽的长条来表示频数、类别或比较的图表。每个条的高度表示数值。
Mean: The average of a set of numbers, found by adding all values and dividing by the number of values. The mean of 2, 5, 8 is (2+5+8)/3 = 5.
平均数（均值）：一组数据的平均值，通过将所有数值相加再除以数值的个数求得。2、5、8 的均值是 (2+5+8)/3 = 5。
Median: The middle number in an ordered set of data. For {3, 7, 9}, the median is 7. If there are two middle numbers, take their mean.
中位数：有序数据集中位于中间位置的数值。对于 {3, 7, 9}，中位数是 7。如果有两个中间数，取它们的均值。
Range: The difference between the largest and smallest values in a data set. It measures how spread out the data are. Range = maximum – minimum.
范围（极差）：数据集中最大值与最小值的差。它衡量数据的分散程度。范围 = 最大值 – 最小值。
Probability: A measure of how likely an event is to happen, ranging from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain). Probability can be written as a fraction, decimal or percentage.
概率：衡量事件发生可能性大小的度量，范围从 0（不可能）到 1（必然）。概率可以写成分数、小数或百分比。
Outcome: A possible result of a probability experiment or trial. When tossing a coin, the possible outcomes are heads and tails.
结果：概率实验或试验的一种可能结果。抛一枚硬币时，可能的结果是正面和反面。
9. Ratio, Proportion and Scale | 比率、比例与比例尺
Ratio: A way of comparing two or more quantities using division. The ratio of boys to girls being 3:2 means for every three boys, there are two girls. Ratios can be simplified just like fractions.
比：通过除法比较两个或多个量的方法。男生与女生的比例为 3:2，意味着每三个男生，就有两个女生。比可以像分数一样化简。
Equivalent ratios: Ratios that express the same relationship, just like equivalent fractions. 2:3 is equivalent to 4:6 and 10:15.
等价比：表达相同关系的比，就像等价分数一样。2:3 等价于 4:6 和 10:15。
Proportion: A statement that two ratios are equal. If the ratio of flour to sugar is 2:1 in a recipe, using 4 cups flour requires 2 cups sugar to keep the same proportion.
比例：表明两个比相等的陈述。如果食谱中面粉与糖的比是 2:1，那么使用 4 杯面粉时需要 2 杯糖来保持相同的比例。
Scale factor: The number by which every side length of a shape is multiplied to produce a similar shape. Enlarging by scale factor 3 makes lengths three times bigger.
比例尺因子：为使一个形状变成相似形，每条边长度所乘的数。用比例尺因子 3 放大，会使所有长度变为原来的三倍。
Direct proportion: When two quantities increase or decrease at the same rate. If the cost of one pen is £2, then 5 pens cost £10 – a directly proportional relationship.
正比例：两个量以相同的速率增加或减少。如果一支笔的价格是 2 英镑，那么 5 支笔的价格是 10 英镑——这就是一种正比例关系。
Scale drawing: A drawing that represents a real object with lengths reduced or enlarged by a consistent ratio. Maps use scale drawings; a scale of 1:100 means 1 cm on the drawing represents 100 cm in real life.
比例尺图：按固定比例缩小或放大真实物体的图形。地图使用比例尺图；1:100 的比例尺表示图上 1 厘米代表实际 100 厘米。
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