📚 Year 7 SQA Music: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 7 SQA 音乐：公式定理速查手册
Music is built on patterns and rules – call them formulas if you like. In this quick reference handbook, you will find the essential ‘formulas’ and ‘theorems’ that underpin rhythm, pitch, scales, chords, intervals, and expression in the Year 7 SQA Music curriculum. Keep this guide close when you practise, compose, or listen – the language of music will soon feel like second nature.
音乐建立在模式与规则之上——你也可以称它们为公式。在这本速查手册中，你将找到支撑节奏、音高、音阶、和弦、音程和表情记号的 Year 7 SQA 音乐核心“公式”与“定理”。练习、创作或聆听时随身查阅，音乐的语言很快会变得像本能一样自然。
1. Note Value Formulas | 音符时值公式
Every note has a mathematical relationship with the beat. A semibreve equals two minims, a minim equals two crotchets, and a crotchet equals two quavers. This doubling/halving rule applies all the way down to semiquavers and beyond. Knowing these equivalences allows you to calculate any rhythm.
每个音符都与拍子存在数学关系。全音符等于两个二分音符，二分音符等于两个四分音符，四分音符等于两个八分音符。这种加倍/减半的规则一直延伸到十六分音符乃至更短的音符。了解这些等值关系，你就能推算出任何节奏。
- Semibreve (whole note) = 4 crotchet beats | 全音符 = 4 拍
- Minim (half note) = 2 crotchet beats | 二分音符 = 2 拍
- Crotchet (quarter note) = 1 beat | 四分音符 = 1 拍
- Quaver (eighth note) = ½ beat | 八分音符 = ½ 拍
- Semiquaver (sixteenth note) = ¼ beat | 十六分音符 = ¼ 拍
Dotted notes: a dot adds half of the original note’s value. For example, a dotted minim = minim + crotchet = 3 crotchet beats.
附点音符：附点增加原音符时值的一半。例如，附点二分音符 = 二分音符 + 四分音符 = 3 拍。
2. Rest Value Formulas | 休止符时值公式
Rests follow exactly the same duration rules as notes. A semibreve rest hangs below a line and equals 4 beats of silence. Matching the rest symbol to its equivalent note length is essential for reading and composing rhythms correctly.
休止符遵循与音符完全相同的时值规则。全休止符悬挂于线下方，代表 4 拍的静默。将休止符符号与其对应的等值音符长度匹配，是正确读谱和创作节奏的关键。
- Semibreve rest = 4 beats | 全休止符 = 4 拍
- Minim rest = 2 beats | 二分休止符 = 2 拍
- Crotchet rest = 1 beat | 四分休止符 = 1 拍
- Quaver rest = ½ beat | 八分休止符 = ½ 拍
- Semiquaver rest = ¼ beat | 十六分休止符 = ¼ 拍
Think of the rest formula as: rest length = note length. When you see a rest, count the same number of silent beats you would if a note of the same shape were there.
记住这个休止符公式：休止时长 = 音符时长。当你看到一个休止符，就数出与同样形状音符相等的无声拍数。
3. Time Signature Rules | 拍号规则
A time signature looks like a fraction but it is actually a formula that tells you how many beats are in each bar (top number) and what type of note gets one beat (bottom number). In Year 7, you will mainly use simple time signatures such as 2/4, 3/4, and 4/4.
拍号看起来像分数，但它其实是一个公式，告诉你每小节有几拍（上行数字）以及哪种音符为一拍（下行数字）。在 Year 7 阶段，你主要会用到 2/4、3/4 和 4/4 等单拍子。
| Time signature (拍号) | Beats per bar (每小节拍数) | Beat unit (拍的单位) |
|---|---|---|
| 2/4 | 2 | Crotchet (四分音符) |
| 3/4 | 3 | Crotchet (四分音符) |
| 4/4 | 4 | Crotchet (四分音符) |
Another useful rule: the bottom number formula – 4 stands for crotchet, 8 stands for quaver, 2 stands for minim. So 3/8 means three quaver beats per bar.
另一条有用的规则：下行数字公式——4 代表四分音符，8 代表八分音符，2 代表二分音符。因此 3/8 表示每小节有三个八分音符拍。
4. Major Scale Formula | 大调音阶公式
All major scales share the same pattern of tones (T) and semitones (S). A tone equals two semitones. This sequence is the formula that turns a starting note into a bright, familiar major scale.
所有大调音阶共享相同的全音（T）与半音（S）模式。一个全音等于两个半音。这个序列是把一个起始音变成明亮、耳熟的大调音阶的公式。
Major Scale Formula: T T S T T T S
大调音阶公式：全 全 半 全 全 全 半
Example – C major: C (T) → D (T) → E (S) → F (T) → G (T) → A (T) → B (S) → C. Because the semitones naturally fall between E–F and B–C, C major uses no sharps or flats.
示例——C 大调：C（全）→ D（全）→ E（半）→ F（全）→ G（全）→ A（全）→ B（半）→ C。由于半音自然地出现在 E–F 与 B–C 之间，C 大调不需要任何升号或降号。
Apply the same formula starting on G: G (T) → A (T) → B (S) → C (T) → D (T) → E (T) → F♯ (S) → G. Notice F must be sharpened to keep the pattern correct.
从 G 开始应用同一公式：G（全）→ A（全）→ B（半）→ C（全）→ D（全）→ E（全）→ F♯（半）→ G。注意 F 必须升高半音以保持模式正确。
5. Natural Minor Scale Formula | 自然小调音阶公式
The natural minor scale has a different tone–semitone formula, giving it a sadder or more serious character. Starting from the tonic, the pattern is T S T T S T T.
自然小调音阶有着不同的全音–半音公式，使之听起来更忧伤或更严肃。从主音开始，模式为 T S T T S T T。
Natural Minor Scale Formula: T S T T S T T
自然小调音阶公式：全 半 全 全 半 全 全
Example – A natural minor: A (T) → B (S) → C (T) → D (T) → E (S) → F (T) → G (T) → A. This is the relative minor of C major, sharing the same key signature (no sharps or flats).
示例——A 自然小调：A（全）→ B（半）→ C（全）→ D（全）→ E（半）→ F（全）→ G（全）→ A。这是 C 大调的关系小调，共用相同的调号（无升降号）。
Relative minors theorem: to find the relative minor of any major key, count down three semitones from the major tonic. C down three semitones → A.
关系小调定理：要找到任何大调的关系小调，从大调主音向下数三个半音。C 向下三个半音 → A。
6. Triad Chord Building Theorems | 三和弦构建定理
A triad is a three-note chord built by stacking thirds. The formula used describes the number of semitones between the root, the third, and the fifth. There are four triad qualities you will meet.
三和弦是由三个音按三度叠置而成的和弦。所使用的公式描述了根音、三音与五音之间的半音数。你将接触到四种三和弦性质。
| Triad type (和弦类型) | Semitone formula (半音公式) | Example on C (示例 C) |
|---|---|---|
| Major (大三和弦) | Root + 4 + 3 | C E G |
| Minor (小三和弦) | Root + 3 + 4 | C E♭ G |
| Augmented (增三和弦) | Root + 4 + 4 | C E G♯ |
| Diminished (减三和弦) | Root + 3 + 3 | C E♭ G♭ |
The major triad theorem: count 4 semitones from the root to find the major third, then 3 semitones from the third to the perfect fifth. Minor simply swaps the distances (3 + 4).
大三和弦定理：从根音数 4 个半音找到大三度，再从三音数 3 个半音到纯五度。小三和弦只需把距离对调（3 + 4）。
7. Key Signature ‘Sharp’ & ‘Flat’ Rules | 调号升降规则
Key signatures are not randomly chosen; they follow a logical sequence. For sharps, the order is F♯ C♯ G♯ D♯ A♯ E♯ B♯. For flats, the order is B♭ E♭ A♭ D♭ G♭ C♭ F♭. These can be memorised with simple rhymes.
调号并非随意选择，而是遵循逻辑顺序。升号顺序为 F♯、C♯、G♯、D♯、A♯、E♯、B♯。降号顺序为 B♭、E♭、A♭、D♭、G♭、C♭、F♭。可以用简单的押韵口诀记忆。
Quick identification theorem for major keys with sharps: the tonic is one semitone above the last sharp. For example, if the last sharp is D♯, the major key is E major.
升号大调的快速识别定理：主音是最后一个升号上方半音。例如，最后一个升号是 D♯，则大调为 E 大调。
For flat keys: the second-to-last flat in the signature gives the major key name. In B♭ major, the flats are B♭ and E♭ – the second last is B♭, so the key is B♭ major.
降号大调：调号中倒数第二个降号即为大调名。在 B♭ 大调中，降号有 B♭ 和 E♭——倒数第二个是 B♭，因此调名为 B♭ 大调。
8. Interval Calculation Rules | 音程计算规则
An interval measures the distance between two notes, counted in scale steps and semitones. The size (2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.) comes from the letter names, while the quality (major, minor, perfect) depends on the exact number of semitones.
音程衡量两个音之间的距离，以音级和半音来计算。度数（二度、三度、四度等）由字母名决定，而性质（大、小、纯）取决于准确的半音数。
| Interval (音程) | Semitone formula (半音公式) | Example from C (示例 C) |
|---|---|---|
| Perfect unison (纯一度) | 0 | C → C |
| Major 2nd (大二度) | 2 | C → D |
| Major 3rd (大三度) | 4 | C → E |
| Perfect 4th (纯四度) | 5 | C → F |
| Perfect 5th (纯五度) | 7 | C → G |
| Major 6th (大六度) | 9 | C → A |
| Major 7th (大七度) | 11 | C → B |
| Perfect octave (纯八度) | 12 | C → C’ |
Rule for changing a major interval to a minor interval: reduce it by one semitone. So C to E♭ is a minor 3rd (3 semitones). Perfect intervals remain perfect when inverted.
将大音程变为小音程的规则：将其减少一个半音。因此 C 到 E♭ 是小三度（3 个半音）。纯音程在转位后仍为纯音程。
9. Dynamic & Tempo Quick Reference | 力度与速度速查
Dynamics and tempo markings act like ‘expression formulas’ that tell performers how loudly or quietly and how fast or slow to play. They are almost always written in Italian in traditional notation.
力度与速度记号如同“表情公式”，告诉演奏者该用多强或多弱、多快或多慢来演奏。在传统记谱法中，它们几乎总是用意大利语书写。
| Marking (记号) | Meaning (含义) | Common formula (常见公式) |
|---|---|---|
| pp | pianissimo (very soft) 很弱 | Whisper level |
| p | piano (soft) 弱 | Quiet speaking |
| mp | mezzo-piano (moderately soft) 中弱 | Slightly restrained |
| mf | mezzo-forte (moderately loud) 中强 | Normal conversation |
| f | forte (loud) 强 | Strong and full |
| ff | fortissimo (very loud) 很强 | Powerful outburst |
Common tempo formulas: Largo = very slow (40–60 bpm), Adagio = slow (66–76 bpm), Andante = walking pace (76–108 bpm), Moderato = moderate (108–120 bpm), Allegro = fast (120–168 bpm), Presto = very fast (168–200 bpm).
常见速度公式：广板 = 很慢 (40–60 bpm)，柔板 = 慢 (66–76 bpm)，行板 = 步行速度 (76–108 bpm)，中板 = 中速 (108–120 bpm)，快板 = 快 (120–168 bpm)，急板 = 很快 (168–200 bpm)。
10. Articulation & Expression Marks | 演奏法与表情记号
Articulation signs tell you how to attack or connect notes. They are like a performer’s toolkit for shaping a phrase. Staccato means short and detached, legato means smooth and connected, and accents mean strong emphasis.
演奏法记号告诉你要如何触键或连接音符。它们就像演奏者塑造乐句的工具箱。断奏表示短促而分离，连奏表示平滑而连贯，重音表示用力强调。
- Staccato (·) – play the note short, roughly half its written length | 断奏（·）——奏短音符，约原时值的一半
- Legato slur (‿) – connect notes smoothly with no silence between them | 连线（‿）——平滑连接，音与音之间不留空隙
- Accent (>) – attack the note with extra force | 重音记号（>）——用额外的力度攻击该音
- Tenuto (–) – hold the note for its full value, slightly weighted | 保持音（–）——奏满时值，稍加重量
- Marcato (^) – a sharper, more marked accent | 强重音（^）——更尖锐、更有标记性的重音
Tie vs. Slur theorem: a tie (‿) joins two notes of the same pitch and adds their durations together; a slur (‿) joins notes of different pitches and indicates legato phrasing. This distinction often appears in rhythm and melody exercises.
连音线与连线的定理：连音线（‿）连接两个相同音高的音符并将其时值相加；连线（‿）连接不同音高的音符并指示圆润的分句。这一区分经常出现在节奏与旋律练习中。
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