📚 Year 7 SQA Philosophy: Key Knowledge Digest | Year 7 SQA 哲学：核心知识点梳理
Philosophy asks some of the biggest questions about our existence, knowledge, values, and reasoning. For Year 7 students following the SQA framework, this digest organises the essential concepts, thinkers, and skills you need to explore the world of ideas. Use this as your revision companion to build a solid foundation in philosophical thinking.
哲学探讨关于存在、知识、价值和推理的最重大问题。对于遵循 SQA 框架的 7 年级学生来说，这份梳理总结了探索思想世界所需的核心概念、思想家和技能。可将它作为复习伴侣，为你打下哲学思维的坚实基础。
1. What is Philosophy? | 什么是哲学？
Philosophy comes from the Greek words ‘philo’ (love) and ‘sophia’ (wisdom), meaning the love of wisdom. It is the study of fundamental questions about reality, knowledge, and how we should live. Unlike science, philosophy often does not rely on experiments but on logical reasoning and questioning assumptions.
哲学一词源于希腊语 ‘philo’（爱）和 ‘sophia’（智慧），意为爱智慧。它研究关于实在、知识以及我们该如何生活的根本问题。与科学不同，哲学通常不依赖实验，而是依靠逻辑推理和对假设的质疑。
Philosophers examine arguments, analyse concepts, and never stop asking “why?”. The goal is not always to find a single answer but to deepen our understanding and clarify our thinking.
哲学家审视论证、分析概念，并且永远不停止追问 “为什么？”。其目标并不总是找到唯一答案，而是加深我们的理解并澄清我们的思想。
2. Branches of Philosophy | 哲学的分支
Philosophy is traditionally divided into several branches, each focusing on different types of questions:
哲学传统上分为几个分支，每个分支关注不同类型的问题：
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Metaphysics – What is real? Does God exist? What is the nature of time and space?
形而上学——什么才是真实的？上帝存在吗？时间和空间的本质是什么？
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Epistemology – What is knowledge? How do we know what we know?
认识论——什么是知识？我们如何知道自己所知道的东西？
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Ethics – What is right and wrong? How should we treat others?
伦理学——什么是对与错？我们应该如何对待他人？
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Logic – What makes a good argument? How can we spot flawed reasoning?
逻辑学——什么构成好的论证？我们如何发现错误的推理？
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Aesthetics – What is beauty? What makes something art?
美学——什么是美？什么使某物成为艺术？
These branches often overlap. For example, ethical questions about animal rights can involve metaphysics (what is personhood?) and epistemology (how can we know an animal suffers?).
这些分支常常相互交融。例如，关于动物权利的伦理问题就可能涉及形而上学（何为人格？）和认识论（我们如何知道动物会痛苦？）。
3. The Big Questions: Metaphysics | 形而上学：关于存在的大问题
Metaphysics explores the ultimate nature of reality. Some classic metaphysical questions for Year 7 include: What does it mean to exist? Is the world made of one substance or many? Are we free, or is everything determined?
形而上学探索实在的终极本质。一些适合7年级的经典形而上学问题包括：存在意味着什么？世界是由一种实体构成的还是多种？我们是自由的呢，还是一切都是被决定的？
A famous puzzle is the Ship of Theseus: if all the parts of a ship are gradually replaced, is it still the same ship? This challenges our idea of identity over time.
一个著名的难题是忒修斯之船：如果一艘船的所有零件都被逐渐更换，它还是原来那艘船吗？这挑战了我们对同一性随时间变化的看法。
Another key concept is the mind-body problem: how can a physical brain produce conscious thoughts and feelings? Philosophers debate whether the mind is separate from the body.
另一个关键概念是心身问题：物质的大脑如何产生有意识的思维和感受？哲学家们就心灵是否独立于身体而争论。
4. How Do We Know? Epistemology | 我们如何认识世界？认识论
Epistemology asks what knowledge is and how we acquire it. The classical definition says knowledge is “justified true belief” – you must believe something, it must be true, and you must have good reasons for believing it.
认识论探究什么是知识以及我们如何获得知识。古典定义认为知识是 “被确证的真信念”——你必须相信某事，它必须是真的，而且你必须拥有相信它的充分理由。
Year 7 students can consider: Can we trust our senses? Imagine you are dreaming – how can you be sure you are not dreaming right now? This is a simplified version of Descartes’ method of doubt. He famously concluded, “I think, therefore I am” (Cogito, ergo sum).
7年级的学生可以思考：我们能相信自己的感官吗？想象你正在做梦——你如何能确定自己此刻不是在做梦？这是笛卡尔怀疑方法的简化版。他得出了著名的结论：”我思故我在”（Cogito, ergo sum）。
We also rely on testimony from others, but when is it reasonable to trust someone? Knowing involves being aware of biased sources and the difference between opinion and proven fact.
我们也依赖他人的证言，但什么时候相信别人是合理的？认知要求我们认识到偏见来源，并区分观点与被证明的事实。
5. Right and Wrong: Ethics | 对与错：伦理学
Ethics is about moral principles that guide our behaviour. In Year 7, we explore three main approaches:
伦理学是关于指导我们行为的道德原则。在7年级，我们探索三种主要进路：
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Consequentialism judges actions by their outcomes. The most famous version is utilitarianism, which says we should aim for the greatest happiness of the greatest number.
后果论根据行动的后果来评判。最著名的版本是功利主义，它认为我们应该追求最大多数人的最大幸福。
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Deontology focuses on duties and rules. Immanuel Kant argued that we must act according to rules that could become universal laws, and never treat people merely as a means to an end.
义务论关注责任和规则。康德主张，我们必须按照那些可以成为普遍法则的规则来行动，并且永远不能把人仅仅当作达到目的的手段。
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Virtue ethics emphasises character traits like courage, honesty, and compassion. Aristotle believed that by practising virtues we become good people.
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