Year 7 SQA Psychology: Core Knowledge Points | Year 7 SQA 心理学：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 7 SQA Psychology: Core Knowledge Points | Year 7 SQA 心理学：核心知识点梳理

Welcome to the Year 7 SQA Psychology revision guide. This article brings together the core topics you need to understand, from what psychology is to social influence and mental health. Each section provides simple explanations and key terms to help you succeed in your assessments.

欢迎阅读 Year 7 SQA 心理学复习指南。本文汇集了你需要理解的核心主题，从什么是心理学到社会影响和心理健康。每个部分提供简单的解释和关键术语，帮助你在评估中取得成功。

1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. It seeks to understand how we think, feel, and act, both as individuals and in groups. Psychologists use careful observation and experiments to test ideas about mental processes.

心理学是对心理和行为的科学研究。它试图理解我们作为个体和群体如何思考、感受和行动。心理学家通过细致的观察和实验来检验关于心理过程的观点。

Psychology covers many areas, such as biological, cognitive, social, and developmental psychology. Biological psychology looks at the brain and nervous system; cognitive psychology studies memory and problem-solving; social psychology examines how we influence one another; and developmental psychology explores changes across the lifespan.

心理学涵盖许多领域，如生物心理学、认知心理学、社会心理学和发展心理学。生物心理学研究大脑和神经系统；认知心理学研究记忆和问题解决；社会心理学考察我们如何相互影响；发展心理学探索人一生的变化。

2. The Scientific Method in Psychology | 心理学中的科学方法

Psychologists follow the scientific method to ensure their findings are reliable. They start with a hypothesis – a testable prediction – and then design a study to test it. Variables are carefully defined: the independent variable (IV) is what the researcher changes, and the dependent variable (DV) is what is measured.

心理学家遵循科学方法以确保他们的发现可靠。他们从假设（一个可检验的预测）开始，然后设计研究来检验它。变量被仔细定义：自变量 (IV) 是研究者改变的东西，因变量 (DV) 是被测量的东西。

Research can take many forms: experiments in a controlled setting, naturalistic observations, surveys, and case studies. Whatever method is used, ethical guidelines are essential. Participants must give informed consent, their data must remain confidential, and they have the right to withdraw at any time.

研究可以采取多种形式：受控环境中的实验、自然观察、调查和案例研究。无论使用哪种方法，伦理准则都至关重要。参与者必须给出知情同意，他们的数据必须保密，并且他们有权随时退出。

3. The Brain and Nervous System | 大脑与神经系统

The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which connects the CNS to the rest of the body. Neurons are the basic building blocks, sending electrical signals along their axons and communicating across synapses using neurotransmitters.

神经系统分为中枢神经系统 (CNS)，由大脑和脊髓组成，以及外周神经系统 (PNS)，它将中枢神经系统与身体其他部分连接起来。神经元是基本的构建块，沿着轴突发送电信号，并使用神经递质在突触之间进行通信。

The brain itself can be divided into lobes with different functions. The frontal lobe is involved in decision-making and personality, the temporal lobe in memory and hearing, the occipital lobe in vision, and the parietal lobe in sensory processing and spatial awareness.

大脑本身可以划分为具有不同功能的脑叶。额叶参与决策和人格，颞叶负责记忆和听觉，枕叶负责视觉，顶叶负责感觉处理和空间意识。

4. Sensation and Perception | 感觉与知觉

Sensation is the detection of physical energy from the environment by our sense organs – eyes, ears, skin, nose, and tongue. Perception is the brain’s interpretation of these sensory signals, giving them meaning. For instance, light waves are sensed by photoreceptors in the retina, but it is the brain that perceives a face or a tree.

感觉是我们的感觉器官（眼睛、耳朵、皮肤、鼻子和舌头）对环境中的物理能量进行检测。知觉是大脑对这些感觉信号的解释，赋予它们意义。例如，光波被视网膜中的感光细胞感觉，但感知到一张脸或一棵树的是大脑。

Perception can be influenced by experience, expectation, and context. Visual illusions, such as the Muller-Lyer illusion, demonstrate that what we perceive is not always an accurate reflection of reality. Depth cues like relative size and linear perspective help us judge distance in two-dimensional images.

知觉可能受到经验、期望和情境的影响。视觉错觉，如缪勒-莱耶错觉，表明我们感知到的并不总是现实的准确反映。深度线索，如相对大小和线条透视，帮助我们在二维图像中判断距离。

5. Memory: How We Remember | 记忆：我们如何记忆

The multi-store model of memory proposes three separate stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Information enters sensory memory first, where it lasts only a fraction of a second. If we pay attention, it moves to STM, which has a limited capacity of about 7±2 items and a short duration unless rehearsed.

记忆的多重存储模型提出三种独立的存储：感觉记忆、短时记忆 (STM) 和长时记忆 (LTM)。信息首先进入感觉记忆，在那里只持续一瞬间。如果我们注意，它就会进入短时记忆，其容量有限，约为 7±2 个项目，持续时间短，除非进行复述。

Through elaborative rehearsal, information can be encoded into LTM, which has a vast capacity and can last a lifetime. Forgetting occurs due to decay (memory traces fading) or interference (when new information disrupts retrieval of old memories). Retrieval cues can help us access stored information.

通过精细复述，信息可以被编码进入长时记忆，它具有巨大的容量，可以持续一生。遗忘的发生是由于衰退（记忆痕迹消退）或干扰（新信息干扰旧记忆的提取）。提取线索可以帮助我们访问存储的信息。

6. Learning: Classical and Operant Conditioning | 学习：经典条件反射与操作性条件反射

Classical conditioning, discovered by Ivan Pavlov, explains how we learn through association. Pavlov paired a neutral stimulus (a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (food) that naturally caused salivation (unconditioned response). After repeated pairings, the bell alone became a conditioned stimulus that elicited the conditioned response of salivation.

由伊万·巴甫洛夫发现的经典条件反射解释了如何通过联想进行学习。巴甫洛夫将一个中性刺激（铃声）与一个自然引起唾液分泌的无条件刺激（食物）配对。经过多次配对后，仅仅铃声就变成了条件刺激，引起唾液分泌的条件反应。

Operant conditioning, studied by B.F. Skinner, focuses on how consequences shape behaviour. Reinforcement (positive or negative) increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated, while punishment decreases it. Skinner’s experiments with rats and pigeons demonstrated that behaviour could be shaped through reinforcement schedules.

由 B.F. 斯金纳研究的操作性条件反射关注结果如何塑造行为。强化（正强化或负强化）增加行为重复的可能性，而惩罚则减少它。斯金纳对老鼠和鸽子的实验表明，行为可以通过强化时间表来塑造。

7. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从

Conformity is the tendency to change our behaviour or beliefs to match those of a group. Solomon Asch’s line-judgment experiment showed that many participants gave an obviously wrong answer just because the rest of the group did so. Factors like group size, unanimity, and task difficulty affect the level of conformity.

从众是改变我们的行为或信念以匹配群体中其他人的倾向。所罗门·阿希的线条判断实验表明，许多参与者给出了显然错误的答案，仅仅因为其他组员都这么做。群体规模、一致性和任务难度等因素影响从众水平。

Obedience refers to following orders from an authority figure. Stanley Milgram’s famous study showed that ordinary people could administer what they believed were dangerous electric shocks to another person simply because an experimenter told them to. This highlights the power of the situation and authority on behaviour.

服从是指遵循权威人物的命令。斯坦利·米尔格拉姆的著名研究表明，普通人可能仅仅因为实验者的指示，就对另一个人施加他们认为危险的电击。这凸显了情境和权威对行为的力量。

8. Developmental Psychology: Attachment | 发展心理学：依恋

Attachment is the deep emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregiver. John Bowlby proposed that attachment is an innate behaviour that promotes survival, as infants stay close to caregivers who protect and feed them. He also described a critical period during which attachment must form for healthy development.

依恋是婴儿与其主要照料者之间形成的深厚情感纽带。约翰·鲍尔比提出，依恋是一种促进生存的天生行为，因为婴儿会靠近保护并喂养他们的照料者。他还描述了依恋必须形成的关键期，以促进健康发展。

Mary Ainsworth developed the ‘Strange Situation’ procedure to assess attachment styles. She identified secure attachment (infants distressed when separated but comforted on reunion) and insecure attachment, which includes avoidant (indifference) and resistant (clingy but angry) patterns. Early attachment can influence later relationships.

玛丽·安斯沃思开发了’陌生情境’程序来评估依恋风格。她识别出安全型依恋（分离时痛苦，重聚时得到安慰）和不安全型依恋，后者包括回避型（冷漠）和反抗型（黏人但愤怒）的类型。早期依恋可能影响以后的人际关系。

9. Mental Health and Wellbeing | 心理健康与福祉

Mental health is not just the absence of illness; it is a state of emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It influences how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices. Everyone experiences ups and downs, but persistent low mood, anxiety, or withdrawal may signal a need for support.

心理健康不仅仅是没有疾病；它是一种情绪、心理和社会福祉的状态。它影响我们如何处理压力、与他人相处以及做出选择。每个人都有起伏，但持续的情绪低落、焦虑或退缩可能表明需要支持。

Strategies to promote mental wellbeing include staying physically active, practising mindfulness, maintaining social connections, and seeking help when needed. Sleep, nutrition, and a balanced routine also play critical roles. Psychology teaches us that mental health can be nurtured just like physical health.

促进心理健康的策略包括保持身体活动、练习正念、维持社交联系以及在需要时寻求帮助。睡眠、营养和平衡的日常生活也起着关键作用。心理学教导我们，心理健康可以像身体健康一样得到培养。

10. Revision Tips and Key Terms | 复习技巧与关键术语

Effective revision for SQA psychology involves active learning strategies. Use flashcards to test your knowledge of key terms, create mind maps to link topics together, and practise answering short questions in your own words. Spaced repetition – reviewing material over increasing intervals – helps strengthen memory.

SQA 心理学的有效复习涉及主动学习策略。使用闪卡测试你对关键术语的掌握，创建思维导图将主题联系起来，并练习用自己的话回答简短问题。间隔重复（间隔越来越长地复习材料）有助于加强记忆。

Key terms to have at your fingertips:

需要熟记的关键术语：

Hypothesis – a testable prediction. / 假设 – 一个可检验的预测。
Neuron – a nerve cell that transmits information. / 神经元 – 传递信息的神经细胞。
Reinforcement – a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour. / 强化 – 增加行为可能性的结果。
Conformity – adjusting behaviour to fit group norms. / 从众 – 调整行为以符合群体规范。
Attachment – an emotional bond between infant and caregiver. / 依恋 – 婴儿与照料者之间的情感纽带。
Encoding – the process of transforming information into memory. / 编码 – 将信息转化为记忆的过程。
Ethics – moral principles guiding research, including consent and confidentiality. / 伦理 – 指导研究的道德原则，包括同意和保密。

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Year 7 SQA Psychology: Core Knowledge Points | Year 7 SQA 心理学：核心知识点梳理