📚 Year 7 SQA Spanish: Core Knowledge Summary | Year 7 SQA 西班牙语核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your essential guide to Year 7 SQA Spanish. This article brings together the core vocabulary, grammar structures, and communication skills you need to build a solid foundation. You will explore greetings, numbers, the alphabet, family, school life, food, daily routines, and basic grammar points all presented in a clear, bilingual format to support both classroom learning and independent revision.
欢迎来到 Year 7 SQA 西班牙语核心知识点梳理。这篇文章将核心词汇、语法结构和交际技能整合在一起，帮助你打下扎实的语言基础。你将在清晰的双语讲解中探索问候语、数字、字母表、家庭、学校生活、食物、日常安排以及基础语法点，既能辅助课堂学习，也方便自主复习。
1. Greetings and Introductions | 问候与介绍
Being able to greet people and introduce yourself is the very first step in learning Spanish. Common greetings depend on the time of day and the level of formality.
能够问候他人并介绍自己是学习西班牙语的第一步。常见的问候语会根据一天中的时间和正式程度有所变化。
‘Hola’ is the universal way to say hello, while ‘buenos días’ is used in the morning, ‘buenas tardes’ in the afternoon, and ‘buenas noches’ in the evening and at night. To ask how someone is, you can say ‘¿Cómo estás?’ (informal) or ‘¿Cómo está?’ (formal). Typical replies include ‘Estoy bien, gracias’ or ‘Muy bien, ¿y tú?’.
“Hola” 是通用的打招呼方式，“buenos días” 用于上午，“buenas tardes” 用于下午，“buenas noches” 用于晚上和夜间。询问对方近况时可以说 “¿Cómo estás?”（非正式）或 “¿Cómo está?”（正式）。常见的回答有 “Estoy bien, gracias” 或 “Muy bien, ¿y tú?”。
When introducing yourself, use ‘Me llamo…’ followed by your name. You can also say ‘Soy…’ and then ask ‘¿Y tú?’ or ‘¿Y usted?’ to return the question. Goodbyes include ‘adiós’, ‘hasta luego’ (see you later) and ‘hasta mañana’ (see you tomorrow).
介绍自己时使用 “Me llamo…” 后接名字，也可以说 “Soy…”，然后用 “¿Y tú?” 或 “¿Y usted?” 反问对方。道别用语有 “adiós”、“hasta luego”（稍后见）和 “hasta mañana”（明天见）。
2. Numbers 1–100 | 数字 1–100
Numbers are essential for giving your age, telling the time, and talking about quantities. Spanish numbers from 1 to 15 need to be memorised individually, after which patterns take over.
数字在表达年龄、时间和数量时必不可少。西班牙语中 1 到 15 需要单独记忆，之后的数字便会遵循一定规律。
The numbers 1–10 are: uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho, nueve, diez. From 16 to 19, you combine ‘dieci’ with the digit, for example ‘dieciséis’ (16), ‘diecisiete’ (17). The tens from 20 to 90 are veinte, treinta, cuarenta, cincuenta, sesenta, setenta, ochenta, noventa. To form numbers like 21, you add ‘y’ plus the unit: ‘veintiuno’ (21) can also be written ‘veinte y uno’, though the combined form is more common.
数字 1 到 10 是：uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho, nueve, diez。16 到 19 由 “dieci” 加上个位数构成，例如 “dieciséis”（16）、“diecisiete”（17）。20 到 90 的整十数为 veinte, treinta, cuarenta, cincuenta, sesenta, setenta, ochenta, noventa。要构成 21 这样的数字，在整十数后加 “y” 再补个位：“veintiuno”（21）也可写成 “veinte y uno”，不过连写形式更常见。
Pay special attention to ‘cien’ for 100. When counting exactly 100 you use ‘cien’, but for 101 you say ‘ciento uno’. Practice saying your age: ‘Tengo doce años’ means ‘I am twelve years old.’
特别注意 100 是 “cien”。精确表示 100 时用 “cien”，但 101 要说 “ciento uno”。请练习表达年龄：“Tengo doce años” 意思是 “我十二岁了”。
3. The Spanish Alphabet and Pronunciation | 字母表与发音
The Spanish alphabet has 27 letters, including the unique ‘ñ’. Knowing how each letter sounds will dramatically improve your reading and speaking accuracy.
西班牙语字母表包含 27 个字母，其中有独特的 “ñ”。掌握每个字母的发音将大大提高你阅读和口语的准确性。
Most consonants are similar to English, but several differ. ‘H’ is always silent, ‘j’ sounds like a strong English ‘h’, ‘ll’ is pronounced like the ‘y’ in ‘yes’ in most regions, and ‘ñ’ is like the ‘ny’ in ‘canyon’. The letter ‘v’ is pronounced almost like a soft ‘b’. Vowels are short and crisp: ‘a’ as in ‘father’, ‘e’ as in ‘bet’, ‘i’ as in ‘machine’, ‘o’ as in ‘pot’, and ‘u’ as in ‘rule’.
大部分辅音与英语相似，但有些差异明显。“h” 总是不发音；“j” 发成英语中较强的 “h” 音；“ll” 在多数地区像 “yes” 里的 “y” 音；“ñ” 近似 “canyon” 中的 “ny” 音。字母 “v” 的发音近乎轻柔的 “b”。元音短促清晰：“a” 如英语 “father”，“e” 如 “bet”，“i” 如 “machine”，“o” 如 “pot”，“u” 如 “rule”。
Stress rules are also important. Words ending in a vowel, ‘n’ or ‘s’ naturally stress the second-last syllable, like ‘hablan’. Words ending in other consonants stress the last syllable, like ‘hablar’. Written accents override these rules, so ‘teléfono’ shows that the stress falls on the ‘e’.
重音规则同样重要。以元音、“n” 或 “s” 结尾的单词，重音自然落在倒数第二个音节，如 “hablan”。以其他辅音结尾的单词，重音落在最后一个音节，如 “hablar”。书写重音符号会打破这些规律，因此 “teléfono” 的重音落在标有重音符号的 “e” 上。
4. Colours and Describing Objects | 颜色与描述物体
Describing the world around you is one of the first creative uses of a new language. Colours, sizes, and basic adjectives bring your sentences to life.
描述身边的世界是新语言最初步的创造性应用之一。颜色、尺寸和基本的形容词能让你的句子生动起来。
Key colours include: rojo (red), azul (blue), verde (green), amarillo (yellow), negro (black), blanco (white), naranja (orange), rosa (pink), gris (grey) and marrón (brown). Remember that most colours change their ending to match the gender of the noun: a red book is ‘un libro rojo’, but a red table is ‘una mesa roja’.
重要的颜色有：rojo（红色）、azul（蓝色）、verde（绿色）、amarillo（黄色）、negro（黑色）、blanco（白色）、naranja（橙色）、rosa（粉色）、gris（灰色）和 marrón（棕色）。记住大多数颜色需要根据名词的阴阳性改变词尾：一本红色的书是 “un libro rojo”，但一张红色的桌子是 “una mesa roja”。
Common adjectives like ‘grande’ (big), ‘pequeño’ (small), ‘bonito’ (pretty), ‘feo’ (ugly), ‘nuevo’ (new) and ‘viejo’ (old) usually come after the noun. So you would say ‘un coche grande’ (a big car). To say something is a certain colour, use the verb ‘ser’: ‘El coche es rojo’.
常见的形容词如 “grande”（大的）、“pequeño”（小的）、“bonito”（漂亮的）、“feo”（丑的）、“nuevo”（新的）和 “viejo”（旧的）通常放在名词之后。因此你会说 “un coche grande”（一辆大汽车）。要表达某物是什么颜色，使用动词 “ser”：“El coche es rojo”。
5. Family and Describing People | 家庭与描述人物
Talking about your family helps you share personal information and connect with Spanish speakers. You will need nouns for family members and adjectives for physical and character descriptions.
谈论家庭能帮助你分享个人信息，并与讲西班牙语的人建立联系。你需要掌握家庭成员的名称，以及用于外貌和性格描述的形容词。
Family vocabulary includes: madre/mamá (mother/mum), padre/papá (father/dad), hermano (brother), hermana (sister), abuelo (grandfather), abuela (grandmother), tío (uncle), tía (aunt), primo (male cousin) and prima (female cousin). To talk about your family, you can say ‘En mi familia hay…’ (In my family there are…) or ‘Tengo dos hermanos’ (I have two brothers/siblings).
家庭词汇包括：madre/mamá（母亲/妈妈）、padre/papá（父亲/爸爸）、hermano（兄弟）、hermana（姐妹）、abuelo（祖父）、abuela（祖母）、tío（叔叔）、tía（阿姨）、primo（堂表兄弟）和 prima（堂表姐妹）。谈论家庭时可以说 “En mi familia hay…”（在我家有……）或 “Tengo dos hermanos”（我有两个兄弟/兄弟姐妹）。
To describe someone’s appearance, use ‘ser’ with adjectives like ‘alto’ (tall), ‘bajo’ (short), ‘joven’ (young), ‘mayor’ (old), ‘guapo’ (handsome). Hair and eye descriptions use ‘tener’: ‘Tiene los ojos azules’ (He/She has blue eyes) and ‘Tiene el pelo largo y castaño’ (He/She has long brown hair). Character traits work with ‘ser’ too: ‘simpático’ (nice), ‘gracioso’ (funny), ‘inteligente’ (intelligent).
描述外貌时使用 “ser” 搭配形容词，如 “alto”（高的）、“bajo”（矮的）、“joven”（年轻的）、“mayor”（年长的）、“guapo”（英俊的）。描述头发和眼睛则用 “tener”：“Tiene los ojos azules”（他/她有蓝色的眼睛）、“Tiene el pelo largo y castaño”（他/她有棕色长发）。性格特征也用 “ser”：“simpático”（和蔼的）、“gracioso”（有趣的）、“inteligente”（聪明的）。
6. School Life | 学校生活
School is a major part of your daily life, and being able to talk about subjects, opinions, and classroom objects is extremely useful for the SQA curriculum.
学校是你日常生活的主要部分，能够谈论科目、表达看法和描述教室物品对 SQA 课程的学习非常有用。
School subjects include: el inglés (English), las matemáticas (maths), las ciencias (science), la historia (history), la geografía (geography), la educación física (PE), el arte (art), la música (music) and el español (Spanish). To express opinions, use ‘me gusta’ (I like) or ‘no me gusta’ (I don’t like) followed by the subject: ‘Me gusta el arte porque es divertido’. For multiple likes, use ‘me gustan’: ‘Me gustan las ciencias’.
学校科目包括：el inglés（英语）、las matemáticas（数学）、las ciencias（科学）、la historia（历史）、la geografía（地理）、la educación física（体育）、el arte（美术）、la música（音乐）和 el español（西班牙语）。表达看法时，用 “me gusta”（我喜欢）或 “no me gusta”（我不喜欢）后接科目：“Me gusta el arte porque es divertido”（我喜欢美术因为它有趣）。表达喜欢多个事物时用 “me gustan”：“Me gustan las ciencias”。
Classroom objects are often needed for basic instructions: un bolígrafo (a pen), un lápiz (a pencil), una goma (a rubber), una regla (a ruler), un cuaderno (an exercise book), una mochila (a backpack), la pizarra (the board). You can say ‘Necesito un bolígrafo’ (I need a pen) or ‘¿Puedo ir al baño?’ (May I go to the toilet?).
教室物品常出现在基本指令中：un bolígrafo（一支笔）、un lápiz（一支铅笔）、una goma（一块橡皮）、una regla（一把尺子）、un cuaderno（练习本）、una mochila（背包）、la pizarra（黑板）。你可以说 “Necesito un bolígrafo”（我需要一支笔）或 “¿Puedo ir al baño?”（我可以去厕所吗？）。
7. Food and Drink | 食物与饮料
Food is a topic that immediately makes language learning enjoyable. With a solid foundation in food vocabulary, you can order in a café, talk about meals, and express your likes and dislikes.
食物这个主题能立刻让语言学习充满乐趣。有了扎实的食物词汇基础，你便可以在咖啡馆点餐、谈论三餐并表达喜好。
Common food words: la fruta (fruit), la manzana (apple), el plátano (banana), el pan (bread), el queso (cheese), el jamón (ham), el pollo (chicken), el pescado (fish), las verduras (vegetables), la ensalada (salad). For drinks: el agua (water), el zumo (juice), la leche (milk), el refresco (soft drink). To say you are hungry or thirsty, use ‘tengo hambre’ and ‘tengo sed’.
常见食物词汇：la fruta（水果）、la manzana（苹果）、el plátano（香蕉）、el pan（面包）、el queso（奶酪）、el jamón（火腿）、el pollo（鸡肉）、el pescado（鱼肉）、las verduras（蔬菜）、la ensalada（沙拉）。饮料：el agua（水）、el zumo（果汁）、la leche（牛奶）、el refresco（软饮料）。表达饥饿和口渴时说 “tengo hambre” 和 “tengo sed”。
The verb ‘comer’ (to eat) and ‘beber’ (to drink) are regular -er verbs in the present tense: yo como, tú comes, él/ella come, nosotros comemos, vosotros coméis, ellos comen. For ordering, you can say ‘Quiero un zumo de naranja, por favor’ (I would like an orange juice, please) or ‘Para mí, una ensalada’ (For me, a salad).
动词 “comer”（吃）和 “beber”（喝）是规则 -er 动词，现在时变位为：yo como, tú comes, él/ella come, nosotros comemos, vosotros coméis, ellos comen。点餐时可以说 “Quiero un zumo de naranja, por favor”（我想要一杯橙汁）或 “Para mí, una ensalada”（给我来一份沙拉）。
8. Daily Routine and Telling Time | 日常安排与时间表达
Describing your daily routine helps you talk about regular activities and tell the time, which is a core requirement at Year 7 SQA level. Reflexive verbs and time phrases will be your main tools.
描述日常安排能让你谈论常规活动并说出时间，这是 Year 7 SQA 级别的核心要求。反身动词和时间短语将是你的主要工具。
To ask the time, say ‘¿Qué hora es?’ The answer uses ‘es la una’ for 1:00 and ‘son las’ for other hours, followed by the minutes: ‘Son las dos y cuarto’ (It is quarter past two), ‘Son las tres y media’ (half past three), ‘Son las cuatro menos diez’ (ten to four). AM and PM can be clarified with ‘de la mañana’, ‘de la tarde’ or ‘de la noche’.
询问时间说 “¿Qué hora es?”。回答时，1 点用 “es la una”，其他整点用 “son las”，后接分钟：“Son las dos y cuarto”（两点一刻）、“Son las tres y media”（三点半）、“Son las cuatro menos diez”（差十分四点）。上午、下午和晚上可分别用 “de la mañana”、“de la tarde” 和 “de la noche” 来明确。
Daily routine verbs are often reflexive: despertarse (to wake up), levantarse (to get up), ducharse (to shower), vestirse (to get dressed), desayunar (to have breakfast), ir al colegio (to go to school), volver a casa (to return home), cenar (to have dinner) and acostarse (to go to bed). A typical sentence: ‘Me despierto a las siete, me levanto y me ducho.’ Note the reflexive pronouns me, te, se, nos, os, se.
日常安排的动词常为反身动词：despertarse（醒来）、levantarse（起床）、ducharse（淋浴）、vestirse（穿衣服）、desayunar（吃早餐）、ir al colegio（去学校）、volver a casa（回家）、cenar（吃晚餐）和 acostarse（上床睡觉）。一个典型句子：“Me despierto a las siete, me levanto y me ducho.”（我七点醒来，起床然后淋浴）。注意反身代词 me, te, se, nos, os, se。
9. Basic Grammar: Articles, Gender, and Present Tense Verbs | 基础语法：冠词、阴阳性与现在时动词
A solid grasp of grammar allows you to create your own sentences. We focus here on definite and indefinite articles, gender agreement, and the conjugation of key present tense verbs.
扎实掌握语法能让你自主造句。这里我们重点关注定冠词与不定冠词、阴阳性配合以及关键动词的现在时变位。
All Spanish nouns have a gender: masculine or feminine. Most masculine nouns end in -o, like ‘el libro’, and feminine nouns in -a, like ‘la casa’. But there are exceptions, such as ‘el día’ (masculine) and ‘la mano’ (feminine). Definite articles are el, la, los, las; indefinite articles are un, una, unos, unas. Adjectives must match in gender and number, so ‘unos libros interesantes’ uses masculine plural.
所有西班牙语名词都有阴阳性：阳性或阴性。大多数阳性名词以 -o 结尾，如 “el libro”，阴性以 -a 结尾，如 “la casa”。但也有例外，比如 “el día”（阳性）和 “la mano”（阴性）。定冠词有 el, la, los, las；不定冠词有 un, una, unos, unas。形容词必须在性和数上保持一致，所以 “unos libros interesantes” 使用阳性复数形式。
The present tense is built around three verb families: -ar, -er, and -ir. Take the regular -ar verb ‘hablar’ (to speak): yo hablo, tú hablas, él/ella habla, nosotros hablamos, vosotros habláis, ellos hablan. For -er verbs like ‘comer’: como, comes, come, comemos, coméis, comen. For -ir verbs like ‘vivir’: vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivís, viven. Key irregular verbs include ‘ser’ (soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son), ‘estar’ (estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están) and ‘tener’ (tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen).
现在时围绕 -ar、-er 和 -ir 三类动词展开。以规则 -ar 动词 “hablar”（说）为例：yo hablo, tú hablas, él/ella habla, nosotros hablamos, vosotros habláis, ellos hablan。-er 动词如 “comer”：como, comes, come, comemos, coméis, comen。-ir 动词如 “vivir”：vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivís, viven。常见的不规则动词包括 “ser”（soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son）、“estar”（estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están）和 “tener”（tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen）。
There is also a distinction between ‘ser’ and ‘estar’, both meaning ‘to be’. Use ‘ser’ for permanent traits, origin, time, and occupations: ‘Soy escocés’ (I am Scottish). Use ‘estar’ for temporary states, locations, and conditions: ‘Estoy cansado’ (I am tired) and ‘El libro está en la mesa’ (The book is on the table).
“ser” 和 “estar” 都表示“是/在”，但有区别。“ser” 用于永久特征、出身、时间和职业：“Soy escocés”（我是苏格兰人）。“estar” 用于暂时状态、位置和状况：“Estoy cansado”（我累了）、“El libro está en la mesa”（书在桌子上）。
10. Useful Phrases for the Classroom | 课堂实用短语
Using Spanish in the classroom from day one boosts your confidence and creates a positive learning environment. These high-frequency phrases will help you interact with your teacher and classmates entirely in Spanish.
从第一天起就在课堂上使用西班牙语能增强你的自信心，并营造积极的学习氛围。以下高频短语将帮助你全程用西班牙语与老师和同学互动。
When you need clarification, ask ‘¿Puede repetir, por favor?’ (Can you repeat, please?), ‘No entiendo’ (I don’t understand), or ‘¿Cómo se dice… en español?’ (How do you say… in Spanish?). To ask for permission, use ‘¿Puedo ir al baño?’ or ‘¿Puedo beber agua?’ (Can I drink water?).
需要澄清时，询问 “¿Puede repetir, por favor?”（请再说一遍好吗？）、“No entiendo”（我不明白）或 “¿Cómo se dice… en español?”（……用西班牙语怎么说？）。请求许可时使用 “¿Puedo ir al baño?” 或 “¿Puedo beber agua?”（我可以喝水吗？）。
Participation phrases include ‘Yo creo que…’ (I think that…), ‘En mi opinión…’ (In my opinion…), ‘Estoy de acuerdo’ (I agree) and ‘No estoy de acuerdo’ (I disagree). The teacher may give instructions such as ‘Abrid el libro’ (Open the book), ‘Escuchad’ (Listen), ‘Escribid’ (Write), or ‘Levantad la mano’ (Raise your hand). Respond to the register with ‘¡Presente!’ or simply ‘¡Sí!’.
参与课堂用得上的表达有：“Yo creo que…”（我认为……）、“En mi opinión…”（在我看来……）、“Estoy de acuerdo”（我同意）和 “No estoy de acuerdo”（我不同意）。老师可能会发出指令，如 “Abrid el libro”（打开书）、“Escuchad”（听）、“Escribid”（写）或 “Levantad la mano”（举手）。回答点名时可以说 “¡Presente!” 或简单的 “¡Sí!”。
Finally, always remember to be polite: ‘por favor’ (please), ‘gracias’ (thank you), ‘de nada’ (you’re welcome) and ‘lo siento’ (I’m sorry). These small words go a long way in any conversation.
最后，务必记住礼貌用语：“por favor”（请）、“gracias”（谢谢）、“de nada”（不客气）和 “lo siento”（对不起）。这些简短词语在任何对话中都大有助益。
Published by TutorHao | Spanish Revision Series | aleveler.com
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