📚 Year 7 WJEC Economics: Summer Bridging Course | Year 7 WJEC 经济：暑期预习与衔接课程
Welcome to the Year 7 WJEC Economics Summer Bridging Course! This guide is designed to help you review key concepts from your first year of economics and prepare confidently for the next stage. Whether you are refreshing your memory or building a strong foundation, each section breaks down essential ideas with clear examples. Let’s explore how the world of scarce resources, choices, and money works together.
欢迎来到 Year 7 WJEC 经济学暑期衔接课程！本指南旨在帮助您复习第一年经济学中的关键概念，并为下一个阶段做好充分准备。无论您是在巩固记忆还是打下坚实基础，每个部分都会通过清晰的例子分解基本思想。让我们一起探索稀缺资源、选择与金钱如何共同运作的世界。
1. What is Economics? | 什么是经济学？
Economics is all about how individuals, businesses, and governments make choices when resources are limited. In Year 7, you begin to see that every decision involves a trade-off. For example, if you have £5 pocket money, you must choose between buying a book or a snack, because your money is scarce.
经济学研究的是个人、企业和政府在资源有限时如何做出选择。在 Year 7，您开始认识到每一个决定都涉及权衡取舍。例如，如果您有 5 英镑零花钱，您必须在买书和买零食之间做出选择，因为您的钱是稀缺的。
Economists study patterns in these choices and try to predict outcomes. They ask questions like: What happens if the price of a popular toy doubles? How do people react to a sale? By observing human behaviour, economics helps us understand and improve the world around us.
经济学家研究这些选择的模式，并试图预测结果。他们会问：如果流行玩具的价格翻倍会发生什么？人们对打折有何反应？通过观察人类行为，经济学帮助我们理解并改善身边的世界。
2. Scarcity and Choice | 稀缺性与选择
Scarcity means that the demand for a good or service is greater than its availability. As a Year 7 learner, you can think of scarcity in everyday life: popular concert tickets selling out quickly or a limited edition game console. Because of scarcity, we must constantly choose how to use our resources.
稀缺性意味着对某种商品或服务的需求大于其供应量。作为 Year 7 学习者，您可以在日常生活中想到稀缺性：热门音乐会门票迅速售罄或限量版游戏机。由于稀缺，我们必须不断选择如何使用我们的资源。
When you make a choice, you automatically give up the next best alternative. This concept is the basis of opportunity cost. A key distinction in economics is between economic goods (scarce, command a price) and free goods (abundant, like air). However, most things we want are economic goods, so choice is unavoidable.
当您做出选择时，您会自动放弃次优替代方案。这是机会成本的基础。经济学中的一个关键区别是经济物品（稀缺且有价）与免费物品（丰富，如空气）的差异。然而，我们想要的大多数东西是经济物品，因此选择不可避免。
3. Opportunity Cost | 机会成本
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative that you give up when making a choice. For instance, if you choose to spend your Saturday afternoon playing football instead of studying, the opportunity cost is the study time and potentially better grades you might have achieved. It is not always about money; it can be time, enjoyment, or other benefits.
机会成本是你在做出选择时所放弃的次优选择的价值。例如，如果你选择在周六下午踢足球而不是学习，机会成本就是你放弃的学习时间以及可能获得的更好成绩。它不仅与金钱有关；还可以是时间、乐趣或其他好处。
Recognising opportunity cost helps you weigh decisions more carefully. Suppose you have £10 and you must decide between buying a cinema ticket or a book. If the cinema ticket is your choice, the opportunity cost is the reading experience and knowledge you forgo. WJEC Economics encourages you to ask: ‘What am I giving up?’ before every decision.
认识到机会成本有助于你更仔细地权衡决策。假设你有 10 英镑，必须在买电影票和买书之间做决定。如果你选择电影票，机会成本就是你放弃的阅读体验和知识。WJEC 经济学鼓励你在每个决定前问自己：“我放弃了什么？”
4. The Three Basic Economic Questions | 三个基本经济问题
Every economy, whether a family or a nation, must answer three fundamental questions: What to produce? How to produce? For whom to produce? These questions arise from scarcity and guide how resources are allocated.
每个经济体，无论是家庭还是国家，都必须回答三个基本问题：生产什么？如何生产？为谁生产？这些问题源于稀缺性，并指导资源的配置方式。
In Year 7, you can apply these questions to simple scenarios. A school canteen decides what food to offer (what), whether to cook fresh or buy pre-packed (how), and who can afford or access the meals (for whom). By answering these, the canteen manager ensures resources are used efficiently to meet students’ needs.
在 Year 7，你可以将这些问题的应用场景简单化。学校食堂决定提供什么食物（what），是新鲜烹饪还是购买预包装食品（how），以及谁能负担或享用这些餐食（for whom）。通过回答这些问题，食堂经理确保资源被高效利用以满足学生需求。
5. Factors of Production | 生产要素
To produce goods and services, we need inputs called factors of production. There are four main types: Land (natural resources), Labour (human effort), Capital (man-made tools and machinery), and Enterprise (the person who brings the others together and takes risks). A catchy way to remember them is the acronym CELL.
为了生产商品和服务，我们需要被称为生产要素的投入。主要有四种：土地（自然资源）、劳动（人力）、资本（人造工具和机械）和企业（将其他要素组合起来并承担风险的人）。一个容易记住的缩写是 CELL。
Here is a quick summary of the four factors:
以下是四个要素的快速总结：
- Land — natural resources like forests, water, and minerals.
- 土地——森林、水源和矿产等自然资源。
- Labour — human physical and mental effort, such as a teacher or builder.
- 劳动——人类的体力和脑力劳动，如教师或建筑工人。
- Capital — equipment and buildings used in production, e.g. ovens, computers.
- 资本——生产中使用的设备和建筑物，例如烤箱、计算机。
- Enterprise — the ability to combine factors and take risks; an entrepreneur.
- 企业——组合各种要素并承担风险的能力；即企业家。
Consider a car factory: it uses land (site and oil for plastics), labour (engineers, assembly workers), capital (robots, conveyor belts), and enterprise (the company founder who organises everything). Year 7 students can easily spot these factors in their favourite products.
以汽车工厂为例：它使用土地（场地和用于塑料的石油）、劳动（工程师、装配工人）、资本（机器人、传送带）和企业（组织一切的公司创始人）。Year 7 学生可以轻松在他们喜欢的产品中发现这些要素。
6. Consumers and Producers | 消费者与生产者
An economy is made up of consumers who buy goods and services, and producers who make or supply them. In Year 7, you learn that consumers aim to maximise satisfaction with their limited income, while producers aim to maximise profit. This interaction lies at the core of market activity.
一个经济体由购买商品和服务的消费者以及制造或提供它们的生产者组成。在 Year 7，您会了解到消费者的目标是以有限的收入获得最大满足感，而生产者的目标则是利润最大化。这种互动是市场活动的核心。
Think about a local bakery. You, as a consumer, decide what to buy based on your taste and budget. The baker, as a producer, decides what to bake based on what sells best. Both respond to incentives: a price reduction might make you buy more, while a rise in flour costs might make the baker produce fewer cakes.
想想当地的面包店。作为消费者，您根据口味和预算决定购买什么。作为生产者，面包师根据销售情况决定烘焙什么。双方都会对激励做出反应：降价可能让您买得更多，而面粉成本上升可能让面包师减少蛋糕产量。
7. Demand and Supply: A First Look | 需求与供给初探
Demand is the desire and ability to buy a good or service at a given price. Generally, when the price goes down, more people are willing and able to buy (the law of demand). Supply is the quantity of a good that producers are willing to offer at various prices; higher prices often encourage more supply because profits may increase.
需求是指在一定价格下购买商品或服务的意愿和能力。通常，当价格下降时，更多的人愿意并且能够购买（需求定律）。供给是生产者在不同价格下愿意提供的商品数量；更高的价格通常会激励更多的供给，因为利润可能会增加。
In your summer course, you can explore simple tables. Here is an example of a demand schedule for cupcakes:
在暑期课程中，您可以探索简单的表格。以下是一个纸杯蛋糕需求计划的例子：
| Price per cupcake | Quantity demanded (per day) |
| £1.00 | 50 |
| £0.80 | 75 |
| £0.50 | 110 |
Notice how lower prices lead to higher quantity demanded. This inverse relationship is essential in WJEC Economics. When we combine demand and supply, we can find the equilibrium price—the point where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. This is where the market is happy.
请注意，较低的价格会导致较高的需求量。这种反向关系在 WJEC 经济学中至关重要。当我们将需求和供给结合起来时，可以找到均衡价格——即需求量等于供给量的点。此时市场达至平衡。
8. Money and Budgeting | 金钱与预算
Money serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a unit of account. In Year 7, you learn to manage money through budgeting. A budget is a plan for how to spend and save your income. It helps you prioritise needs over wants and avoid overspending.
货币可用作交换媒介、价值贮藏和记账单位。在 Year 7，您学习通过预算来管理金钱。预算是一个关于如何消费和储蓄收入的计划。它帮助您优先考虑需求而非欲望，避免超支。
A simple weekly budget might look like this: income £10 (pocket money), expenses £4 for snacks, £2 for saving, £4 for a small toy. Always ensure spending does not exceed income, or you will run a deficit. A surplus, where income is greater than spending, allows you to save more for future goals. Practising budgeting early builds good financial habits for life.
一个简单的周预算可能像这样：收入 10 英镑（零花钱），支出 4 英镑买零食，2 英镑储蓄，4 英镑买小玩具。务必确保支出不超过收入，否则你会出现赤字。盈余，即收入大于支出，能让你为未来目标储蓄更多。早期练习预算能为终身良好的理财习惯打下基础。
9. Saving and Borrowing | 储蓄与借贷
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