📚 Year 7 WJEC PE: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 7 WJEC 体育：词汇术语速记指南
In Year 7 WJEC Physical Education, mastering the key vocabulary is just as important as performing the physical skills themselves. The terms you learn now will form the foundation for your entire secondary PE journey, from understanding the rules of invasion games to analysing your own fitness levels. This guide breaks down the essential terminology into logical categories with simple explanations, memory tricks, and paired translations to help you learn faster and retain longer.
在 Year 7 WJEC 体育课程中，掌握关键术语与掌握身体技能同样重要。你现在学到的词汇将构成整个中学体育学习的基础，从理解对抗性比赛规则到分析自己的健康水平。本指南将核心术语按逻辑分类，配以简单解释、记忆技巧和对照翻译，帮助你更快学习、更久记忆。
1. Body Movements and Actions | 身体动作与活动
Every sport involves a specific set of body movements, and PE lessons use precise words to describe them. The term locomotion refers to any movement that takes the body from one place to another, such as running, hopping, skipping, and galloping. Non-locomotor movements, on the other hand, happen without travelling — actions like twisting, bending, stretching, and balancing all fall into this category. When you rotate a joint, you are performing circumduction, a circular movement common in arm swings and bowling actions.
每项运动都包含特定的身体动作组合，体育课使用精确的词语来描述它们。位移指的是将身体从一处移动到另一处的任何动作，例如跑、单脚跳、蹦跳和滑步。非位移动作则是在不移动位置的情况下发生的——扭转、弯曲、伸展和平衡等动作都属于这一类别。当你旋转关节时，你正在进行环转，这是一种常见于摆臂和投球动作中的圆周运动。
The difference between flexion and extension is one of the most frequently tested concepts. Flexion decreases the angle at a joint — think of bending your elbow to bring your hand toward your shoulder. Extension increases that angle, straightening the joint back out. In a bicep curl, the upward phase is flexion and the downward phase is extension. Understanding these terms helps you describe movements accurately in gymnastics, dance, and athletics.
屈曲与伸展的区别是最常考查的概念之一。屈曲减小关节角度——想象弯起肘部、将手靠近肩膀的动作。伸展则增大这个角度，将关节重新伸直。在二头肌弯举中，向上阶段是屈曲，向下阶段是伸展。理解这些术语有助于你在体操、舞蹈和田径运动中准确描述动作。
2. Skill-Related Fitness Terms | 技能相关体能术语
PE theory often distinguishes between health-related fitness and skill-related fitness, and WJEC expects Year 7 students to know the difference. Agility is the ability to change direction quickly while maintaining control — essential in netball, football, and rugby when dodging opponents. Balance can be static, like holding a gymnastics pose, or dynamic, like staying upright while riding a bike. Coordination is the smooth, efficient teamwork of your eyes, brain, and muscles working together, tested every time you catch a ball or strike with a racket.
体育理论常区分健康相关体能与技能相关体能，WJEC 要求 Year 7 学生了解其区别。敏捷性是在保持控制的同时快速改变方向的能力——在篮网球、足球和橄榄球中躲避对手时必不可少。平衡可以是静态的，如保持体操姿势，也可以是动态的，如骑自行车时保持直立。协调性是眼睛、大脑和肌肉协同顺畅高效工作的能力，每次接球或用球拍击球时都在接受检验。
Power is not the same as strength — power adds speed to strength, making it explosive. Think of a long jumper launching off the board or a volleyball player smashing at the net. Reaction time measures how fast you respond to a stimulus, such as a starting gun or a goalkeeper reacting to a penalty shot. Speed is simply how fast you can move your body or body parts from point A to point B, covering both running speed and limb speed in throwing actions.
爆发力不同于力量——爆发力在力量基础上加入了速度，使其具有爆发性。想象跳远运动员踏板起跳，或排球运动员在网前扣杀。反应时间衡量你对刺激反应的速度，例如发令枪响起的反应或守门员对点球的反应。速度就是指你的身体或身体部位从 A 点移动到 B 点的快慢，涵盖跑步速度和投掷动作中的肢体速度。
3. Health-Related Fitness Components | 健康相关体能要素
Health-related fitness describes how well the systems of your body work together, and it is often summarised using the acronym BCEFMS. Body composition refers to the ratio of fat, muscle, bone, and other tissues in your body. Cardiovascular endurance (sometimes called stamina) is the ability of your heart and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles during sustained activity like distance running or swimming. A higher level means you can exercise for longer without tiring.
健康相关体能描述身体各系统协同工作的程度，常用首字母缩略词 BCEFMS 来概括。身体成分指身体中脂肪、肌肉、骨骼和其他组织的比例。心血管耐力（有时称为持久力）是心脏和肺在持续活动中（如长跑或游泳）向工作肌肉输送氧气的能力。水平越高，意味着你能运动更久而不疲劳。
Flexibility is the range of movement possible at a joint — a gymnast doing the splits demonstrates excellent flexibility, while tight hamstrings from sitting too long show limited range. Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle group to keep working over time without getting tired, such as holding a plank position or doing multiple sit-ups. Muscular strength, in contrast, is the maximum force a muscle can produce in one single effort, like lifting a heavy weight once. The table below summarises these components with memory aids.
柔韧性是关节可达到的活动范围——体操运动员做劈叉展示了出色的柔韧性，而久坐导致的腘绳肌紧张则显示有限的活动范围。肌肉耐力是肌肉群持续工作而不疲劳的能力，如保持平板支撑姿势或做多个仰卧起坐。相比之下，肌肉力量是肌肉单次最大用力所产生的力，如一次性举起重物。下表总结了这些要素及记忆辅助。
| Component 要素 | Simple Definition 简单定义 | Memory Aid 记忆技巧 |
|---|---|---|
| Body Composition 身体成分 | Fat vs muscle ratio 脂肪与肌肉比例 | Think bathroom scales 想想体重秤 |
| Cardiovascular Endurance 心血管耐力 | Heart and lung stamina 心肺持久力 | Think marathon runners 想想马拉松跑者 |
| Flexibility 柔韧性 | Joint range of motion 关节活动范围 | Think gymnast splits 想想体操劈叉 |
| Muscular Endurance 肌肉耐力 | Repeated muscle work 肌肉重复工作 | Think rowing a boat 想想划船 |
| Muscular Strength 肌肉力量 | Max force in one go 单次最大力量 | Think weightlifting medal 想想举重奖牌 |
4. Games and Sport Classifications | 比赛与运动分类
WJEC categorises sports to help students understand shared tactical principles across different activities. Invasion games are sports where teams score by invading the opponent’s territory and moving an object into a target zone — think football, netball, rugby, hockey, and basketball. The common tactical thread is the balance between attacking to create scoring chances and defending to protect your own goal or zone. Transition play, moving rapidly from defence to attack or vice versa, is a key concept worth mastering early.
WJEC 对运动进行分类，帮助学生理解不同活动共通的战术原则。对抗性比赛指球队通过侵入对手领地并将物体移入目标区域来得分——想想足球、篮网球、橄榄球、曲棍球和篮球。共同的战术线索是在进攻创造得分机会与防守保护本方球门或区域之间的平衡。转换球、从防守迅速转为进攻或反之，是值得尽早掌握的关键概念。
Net and wall games involve sending an object into the opponent’s court so that they cannot return it. Tennis, badminton, volleyball, and squash all fit this category. The core idea is making your opponent move out of position to create an open space. Striking and fielding games involve hitting an object and then running to score — cricket, rounders, and softball are classic examples. The tactical focus is on placement of the struck ball and quick decision-making between bases or posts.
网/墙类运动涉及将物体打到对手的场区，使其无法回击。网球、羽毛球、排球和壁球都属于这一类。核心理念是让对手离开有利位置，制造空当。打击与守备类运动涉及击球后跑动得分——板球、绕圈球和垒球是典型例子。战术重点在于击球的落点选择以及垒间快速决策。
5. The Skeletal System Basics | 骨骼系统基础
The human skeleton does more than just hold us upright. Its four main functions are support (providing a rigid framework for the body), protection (shielding vital organs like the brain inside the skull and the heart inside the ribcage), movement (working with muscles to create levers that produce motion), and blood cell production (bone marrow inside larger bones makes red and white blood cells). Year 7 students are expected to name the major bones: cranium, clavicle, scapula, sternum, ribs, humerus, vertebral column, pelvis, radius, ulna, femur, patella, tibia, and fibula.
人体骨架的作用不仅是支撑我们直立。它的四个主要功能是支撑（为身体提供刚性框架）、保护（保护重要器官，如颅骨保护大脑，胸廓保护心脏）、运动（与肌肉配合形成杠杆产生动作）和血细胞生成（较大骨骼内的骨髓制造红细胞和白细胞）。Year 7 学生需要说出主要骨骼的名称：颅骨、锁骨、肩胛骨、胸骨、肋骨、肱骨、脊柱、骨盆、桡骨、尺骨、股骨、髌骨、胫骨和腓骨。
Joints are where two or more bones meet, and knowing the three main types is essential. Fixed joints (or fibrous joints), like those between the plates of the cranium, allow no movement at all — they exist for protection. Slightly movable joints (cartilaginous joints), such as those between vertebrae in the spine, allow a small amount of movement cushioned by cartilage. Synovial joints are the freely movable joints that make sports possible, containing lubricating synovial fluid and allowing motions like those at the knee, elbow, shoulder, and hip.
关节是两块或多块骨头相遇的地方，了解三种主要类型至关重要。固定关节（纤维关节），如颅骨骨板之间的关节，完全不允许移动——它们的存在是为了保护。微动关节（软骨关节），如脊柱椎骨之间的关节，允许少量的由软骨缓冲的运动。滑膜关节是自由活动关节，使运动成为可能，含有润滑的滑液，可实现膝、肘、肩、髋等部位的运动。
6. Muscular System Key Words | 肌肉系统关键词
Muscles work in pairs to produce movement at joints, and the terms agonist and antagonist describe this relationship. The agonist is the muscle that contracts to create the movement — it is sometimes called the prime mover. The antagonist is the muscle that relaxes and lengthens to allow the movement to happen. In a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is the agonist during the lifting phase, while the triceps brachii acts as the antagonist. When you lower the weight back down, the roles reverse, which is called antagonistic muscle action.
肌肉成对工作以在关节处产生运动，主动肌和拮抗肌这两个术语描述了这种关系。主动肌是收缩产生运动的肌肉——有时被称为原动肌。拮抗肌是放松并延展以允许运动发生的肌肉。在二头肌弯举中，肱二头肌在举起阶段是主动肌，而肱三头肌充当拮抗肌。当你将重量放回时，角色互换，这被称为拮抗肌协同作用。
Year 7 students should also recognise terms describing muscle action types. Isotonic contraction means the muscle changes length while producing force — most sporting movements fall into this category. Concentric contraction involves the muscle shortening (like the biceps during the upward curl), while eccentric contraction involves the muscle lengthening under tension (like the biceps during the downward, controlled lowering). Isometric contraction means the muscle stays the same length while tensed, such as holding a wall sit position or a plank.
Year 7 学生还应认识描述肌肉活动类型的术语。等张收缩指肌肉在产生力量的同时改变长度——大多数运动动作都属于这一类。向心收缩涉及肌肉缩短（如上举时二头肌的状态），而离心收缩涉及肌肉在张力下延展（如同受控下放时二头肌的状态）。等长收缩指肌肉在紧张状态下保持相同长度，如保持靠墙静坐或平板支撑姿势。
7. Training Principles and Methods | 训练原则与方法
Training vocabulary helps you understand how to improve fitness effectively. The FITT principle is a simple formula for designing a workout programme. Frequency asks how often you train — perhaps three times a week. Intensity refers to how hard you work during each session, often measured by heart rate or perceived effort. Time covers the duration of each session. Type describes which kind of exercise you choose, such as running for cardiovascular endurance or resistance work for muscular strength.
训练词汇帮助你理解如何有效提升体能。FITT 原则是设计锻炼计划的简单公式。频率指你训练的频次——也许每周三次。强度指每次训练的努力程度，通常用心率或主观努力感来衡量。时间涵盖每次训练的持续时间。类型描述你选择哪种运动，如为提高心血管耐力跑步，或为增强肌肉力量进行抗阻训练。
Continuous training means exercising at a steady pace without rest breaks, ideal for building cardiovascular endurance — think long-distance jogging, cycling, or swimming. Interval training alternates periods of high-intensity effort with recovery periods, allowing you to work harder in bursts and improve both aerobic and anaerobic fitness. Circuit training involves moving through a series of different exercise stations, each targeting a different muscle group or fitness component, making it time-efficient and varied.
持续训练指以稳定速度进行无休息间歇的运动，是增强心血管耐力的理想方式——想想长距离慢跑、骑行或游泳。间歇训练在高强度努力阶段与恢复阶段之间交替进行，让你能爆发性地努力并同时提升有氧和无氧体能。循环训练涉及依次经过一系列不同的运动站点，每个站点针对不同的肌肉群或体能要素，既省时又多样。
8. Competition and Rules Vocabulary | 比赛与规则词汇
Understanding the language of competition helps you follow instructions and contribute to team strategy. An official is any person who enforces the rules — referees, umpires, and judges all fit this description, though the exact title varies by sport. A foul is an illegal action that breaks the rules, penalised by a free kick, penalty, or temporary suspension. Etiquette refers to the unwritten rules of sportsmanship, such as shaking hands after a match or acknowledging a good shot from an opponent.
理解比赛用语有助于你遵循指导并为团队战术做出贡献。裁判人员指任何执行规则的人——裁判员、司线员和评分员都符合此描述，尽管具体称谓因运动而异。犯规是违反规则的非法行为，会受到罚球、点球或暂时罚下的处罚。礼仪指体育精神中不成文的规则，如赛后握手或认可对手的漂亮一击。
Strategy-related terms appear frequently in game situations. Possession simply means which team has control of the ball. Turnover describes the moment possession changes from one team to the other, often caused by an interception or a mistake. Marking means staying close to an opponent to limit their options, with man-to-man marking and zone marking being the two common approaches. Creating space is a fundamental attacking principle, where players move cleverly to open up passing lanes or shooting opportunities.
策略相关术语在比赛情境中频繁出现。控球简单来说就是哪支球队控制着球。球权转换描述控球权从一方转移到另一方的时刻，常由拦截或失误引起。盯人指紧贴对手以限制其选择，人盯人和区域防守是两种常见方式。创造空间是一个基本的进攻原则，球员通过巧妙的移动来打开传球路线或射门机会。
9. Anatomy of a Warm-Up and Cool-Down | 热身与放松的解剖结构
Every PE lesson begins and ends with specific routines, and knowing the vocabulary helps you understand why they matter. A proper warm-up has three stages. The first is a pulse raiser — gentle cardiovascular activity like light jogging to gradually increase heart rate and blood flow to muscles. The second stage involves dynamic stretches and mobility exercises, such as leg swings, arm circles, and lunges with a twist, which take joints through their full range of motion. The third stage is sport-specific drills that prepare the body for the exact movements required by the upcoming activity.
每节体育课以特定程序开始和结束，了解相关词汇有助于你理解它们为何重要。完整的热身有三个阶段。第一阶段是心率提升——轻度心血管活动如慢跑，逐渐提高心率和肌肉血流。第二阶段涉及动态拉伸和灵活性练习，如摆腿、手臂画圈和转体弓步，让关节经历其全部活动范围。第三阶段是专项运动练习，为即将进行的活动所需的具体动作做好准备。
A cool-down is equally important and has two main parts. The first is a gentle pulse-lowering activity — walking or very slow jogging to gradually bring heart rate back toward resting levels and prevent blood pooling in the legs. The second part is static stretching, where you hold a stretch position for 15–30 seconds without bouncing. This helps muscles return to their resting length, reduces stiffness, and can lower injury risk. Holding each stretch for 30 seconds is now considered more beneficial than the older practice of bouncing (ballistic stretching), which can trigger a reflex that tightens the muscle instead.
放松过程同样重要，有两个主要部分。第一部分是温和的降低心率活动——快走或极慢跑，将心率逐渐带回静息水平，防止腿部血液淤积。第二部分是静态拉伸，你保持拉伸姿势 15–30 秒，不做弹振。这有助于肌肉回到静息长度，减少僵硬，并降低受伤风险。保持每次拉伸 30 秒现在被认为比旧的弹振做法（弹震拉伸）更有益，因为弹振可能触发反而使肌肉收紧的反射。
10. Quick-Fire Glossary and Memory Techniques | 速记词汇表与记忆技巧
Below is a condensed glossary of terms that appear frequently in Year 7 WJEC PE assessments, with simple definitions and visual cues. Use this list for rapid revision before a test: Aerobic — with oxygen (think long, steady exercise), Anaerobic — without oxygen (think short, intense bursts), Agility — changing direction quickly (think zig-zag runs), Balance — staying in control of your body position, Coordination — eyes, brain, and muscles working smoothly together, Power — strength x speed, Reaction time — how fast you respond, Speed — how fast you move.
以下是一份浓缩的术语表，收录了 Year 7 WJEC 体育评估中频繁出现的术语，配有简单定义和视觉提示。在考试前使用此列表进行快速复习：有氧——有氧气参与（想想长时间稳定运动），无氧——无氧气参与（想想短时间剧烈爆发），敏捷性——快速改变方向（想想 Z 字跑），平衡——保持对身体姿势的控制，协调性——眼、脑、肌肉顺畅协同工作，爆发力——力量 x 速度，反应时间——你反应的速度，速度——你运动的快慢。
Several memory techniques can accelerate your vocabulary learning. Acronyms are your strongest tool — use BCEFMS for health-related fitness components (Body composition, Cardiovascular endurance, Flexibility, Muscular endurance, Muscular strength, Speed — adjusting slightly to include all). Create labelled diagrams of the skeleton to lock in bone names through visual memory. Use analogies — for example, think of synovial fluid like oil in a bicycle chain, reducing friction so joints move smoothly. Finally, practise explaining these terms out loud to a friend or family member; teaching is one of the most effective ways to reinforce your own understanding.
几种记忆技巧可以加速你的词汇学习。首字母缩略词是你最强大的工具——用 BCEFMS 来记健康相关体能要素（身体成分、心血管耐力、柔韧性、肌肉耐力、肌肉力量、速度——稍作调整以涵盖所有）。制作骨骼系统的标注图示，通过视觉记忆锁定骨骼名称。使用类比法——例如，将滑液想象成自行车链条上的润滑油，减少摩擦使关节顺畅运动。最后，练习向朋友或家人大声解释这些术语；教学是巩固自身理解的最有效方式之一。
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