📚 Year 7 WJEC Politics: Summer Preview & Bridging Course | 七年级WJEC政治：暑期预习与衔接课程
Welcome to your politics bridging course! This preview will introduce you to the big ideas you will explore in Year 7 WJEC Politics. You will learn how decisions are made, why rules matter, and how people can influence the world around them. By understanding key concepts now, you will feel more confident when you start studying politics in depth. Let’s begin this exciting journey into the heart of how society works.
欢迎来到你的政治学衔接课程！这个预习将向你介绍七年级WJEC政治中将探究的重要理念。你将学习决策是如何做出的、规则为何重要，以及人们如何影响周围的世界。通过现在就理解关键概念，你在深入学习政治时会更有信心。让我们开始这段激动人心的旅程，走进社会运作的核心。
1. What is Politics About? | 政治是关于什么的？
Politics is the way people in groups make decisions. It happens not only in governments but also in your school, your family, and your community. When you negotiate, debate, or vote on a plan, you are engaging in politics. Understanding politics helps you see how power is shared and how change can happen peacefully.
政治是人们在群体中做决策的方式。它不仅发生在政府中，也发生在你的学校、家庭和社区里。当你协商、辩论或就某项计划投票时，你就在参与政治。理解政治能帮助你明白权力如何分配，以及变革如何能以和平的方式发生。
In the WJEC course, you will start by seeing politics as something alive and everywhere. You will learn that even small actions, such as signing a petition or speaking up in a class council, are political acts. This wider view makes the subject relevant to your everyday life.
在WJEC课程中，你将首先看到政治是鲜活且无处不在的。你将了解到，即使是小小的行动，比如签署一份请愿书或在班级会议上发言，都是政治行为。这种广阔的视角让这门学科与你的日常生活息息相关。
2. Key Concepts: Power and Authority | 关键概念：权力与权威
Power is the ability to get someone to do something, even if they do not want to. Authority is the right to use power because people accept it as legitimate. For example, a teacher has authority to set homework because students and parents agree the teacher has that right. A playground bully might have power through fear, but lacks authority.
权力是让别人做某事的能力，即使他们并不想做。权威则是使用权力的正当权利，因为人们承认它是合法的。例如，老师有布置家庭作业的权威，因为学生和家长都认同老师拥有这一权利。而操场上的欺凌者可能通过恐惧获得权力，却没有权威。
These two ideas appear throughout your politics studies. A government has authority when it follows the law and earns the trust of citizens. Understanding the difference helps you ask whether a political decision is fair or simply forced upon people.
这两个概念会贯穿你的政治学习。当政府遵守法律并赢得公民信任时，它就拥有权威。理解这一区别能帮助你思考某个政治决策是公平还是仅仅强加于人的。
3. Democracy in the UK | 英国的民主
The United Kingdom is a democracy, which means ‘rule by the people’. Citizens do not run the country directly every day; instead, they choose representatives to make decisions on their behalf. This is called representative democracy. The main way citizens choose their representatives is through free and fair elections.
英国是一个民主国家，民主意味着“人民统治”。公民并不每天直接管理国家，而是选出代表来代表自己做出决策。这被称为代议制民主。公民选择代表的主要途径是通过自由公正的选举。
You will study the values that underpin democracy: respect, equality, and the right to have a say. A healthy democracy also requires people to listen to different opinions and to protect the rights of minorities. Without these values, voting alone does not guarantee fair outcomes.
你将学习支撑民主的价值观：尊重、平等和发言权。一个健康的民主还要求人们倾听不同的意见，并保护少数群体的权利。没有这些价值观，单靠投票并不能保证公平的结果。
4. Rights and Freedoms | 权利与自由
Rights are protections or entitlements that every person should have. In the UK, many rights come from laws such as the Human Rights Act. These include the right to life, freedom of speech, and the right to a fair trial. Freedoms allow you to think, speak, and gather peacefully without unjust interference.
权利是每个人都应拥有的保护或资格。在英国，诸多权利源自《人权法案》等法律。这些权利包括生命权、言论自由权和获得公正审判的权利。自由则允许你在没有不公正干涉的情况下思考、发言与和平集会。
But rights come with limits. Your freedom of speech does not mean you can spread hate or lies that harm others. Throughout the course you will explore the balance between individual rights and the safety or well-being of the community. This balance is at the centre of many political debates.
但权利是有限制的。你的言论自由并不意味着你可以传播伤害他人的仇恨或谎言。在整个课程中，你将探究个人权利与社区安全或福祉之间的平衡。这种平衡是许多政治辩论的核心。
5. Responsibilities of Citizens | 公民的责任
Alongside rights come responsibilities. A responsible citizen obeys the law, pays taxes when they start earning, and serves on a jury if called. Beyond these legal duties, there are moral responsibilities, such as respecting others, caring for the environment, and speaking out against injustice.
与权利相伴的是责任。一个负责任的公民要遵守法律、开始赚钱后纳税，并在被征召时担任陪审员。除了这些法律义务，还有道德责任，例如尊重他人、爱护环境，以及对抗不公正现象。
The table below shows some rights matched with related responsibilities. Thinking about this connection will help you see why citizenship is an active role, not just a status.
下面的表格展示了一些权利以及与之对应的责任。思考这种联系将帮助你理解为什么公民身份是一个主动的角色，而不仅仅是一种身份。
| Right (English) | Responsibility (English) | 权利（中文） | 责任（中文） |
|---|---|---|---|
| Freedom of speech | Respect others’ right to speak | 言论自由 | 尊重他人发言的权利 |
| Right to education | Attend school and try your best | 受教育权 | 上学并尽力学习 |
| Right to vote | Be informed about candidates | 投票权 | 了解候选人信息 |
Understanding this partnership between rights and responsibilities is essential for Year 7 students as you begin to consider your own place in society.
理解权利与责任之间的这种伙伴关系对于七年级学生至关重要，因为你将开始思考自己在社会中的位置。
6. How Laws are Made | 法律是如何制定的
In the UK, laws are made by Parliament. A proposed law is called a bill. The bill is debated in the House of Commons, where elected MPs discuss its details. It then goes to the House of Lords for further checking and suggestions. If both houses agree, the monarch gives formal approval, called Royal Assent, and the bill becomes an Act of Parliament.
在英国，法律由议会制定。一项被提议的法律称为法案。法案在下议院进行辩论，由选举产生的国会议员讨论其细节。然后它被送往上议院接受进一步审查和建议。如果两院达成一致，君主给予正式批准，即御准，法案便成为议会法令。
This process shows how democracy works in practice. MPs must listen to their constituents and various experts. The House of Lords acts as a revising chamber, providing a second look. You will also learn about devolved bodies that make laws for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
这一过程展示了民主在实践中的运作。国会议员必须倾听选民和各类专家的意见。上议院起着修正院的作用，进行二度审视。你还将学习为苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰制定法律的权力下放机构。
7. The Role of Elections | 选举的作用
Elections are the way citizens choose their representatives. In a general election, adults over 18 vote for the person they want to be their MP. The candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins a seat in the House of Commons. The party with more than half the seats usually forms the government.
选举是公民选择代表的途径。在大选中，18岁以上的成年人投票选出他们希望成为国会议员的人。每个选区得票最多的候选人赢得下议院的一个席位。获得超过半数席位的政党通常组建政府。
Elections remind us that power ultimately lies with the people. You will examine the importance of a secret ballot, the role of the press, and the reasons some citizens do not vote. Asking questions about fairness in elections is a key skill in WJEC Politics.
选举提醒我们，权力最终属于人民。你将审视秘密投票的重要性、媒体的作用，以及一些公民不投票的原因。对选举的公平性提出质疑是WJEC政治中的一项关键技能。
8. Political Parties and Their Ideas | 政党及其理念
Political parties are groups of people who share similar ideas about how the country should be run. The main UK-wide parties include the Conservative Party, the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats. Each party produces a manifesto before an election, outlining the policies it promises to deliver if it wins power.
政党是对国家应如何治理持有相似理念的群体。英国范围内的主要政党包括保守党、工党和自由民主党。每个政党在选举前都会发布一份宣言，概述如果它赢得权力将承诺实施的政策。
Ideas such as lowering taxes or investing more in healthcare often divide the parties. By comparing manifestos, you can spot the differences between left-wing and right-wing approaches. Learning about parties helps you understand why politicians often disagree and how voters make choices.
诸如减税或增加医疗保健投资等理念常常使各政党产生分歧。通过比较宣言，你可以辨别左翼与右翼方针之间的差异。了解政党有助于你理解政客们为何常常意见相左，以及选民如何做出选择。
9. Local Communities and Councils | 地方社区与议会
Beyond Westminster, local councils make decisions that affect your daily life. They run services such as schools, libraries, waste collection, and parks. Councillors are elected by people living in the area. They hold meetings where they discuss how to spend money and improve local facilities.
在威斯敏斯特之外，地方议会做出的决策影响着你的日常生活。它们管理着学校、图书馆、垃圾收集和公园等服务。地方议员由居住在该地区的民众选出。他们召开会议讨论如何分配资金并改善当地设施。
Your Year 7 course will encourage you to find out who your local councillor is and how to contact them. This direct link shows that politics is not far away in London but is happening right where you live. Understanding local government is a vital part of active citizenship.
你的七年级课程将鼓励你去了解谁是你的地方议员，以及如何联系他们。这种直接的联系表明政治并不遥远地存在于伦敦，而是就发生在你生活的地方。理解地方政府是积极参与公民生活的一个重要部分。
10. Getting Involved: Active Citizenship | 积极参与：主动公民
Active citizenship means playing your part in the community beyond just voting. It can involve volunteering for a charity, joining a school council, campaigning on an issue you care about, or even starting a petition. In a democracy, citizens should not wait for someone else to fix problems; they can take action.
主动公民意味着超越投票范畴，在社区中扮演好自己的角色。它可能包括为慈善机构做志愿者、加入学校理事会、就你关心的问题开展活动，甚至发起请愿。在民主国家，公民不应等着别人来解决问题；他们可以自己采取行动。
The WJEC course will give you examples of young people who have made a difference. You might explore the UK Youth Parliament or local eco-campaigns. These real stories show that age is not a barrier to being politically active and that your voice truly matters.
WJEC课程将为你提供那些做出了积极改变的年轻人的例子。你也许会探究英国青年议会或当地的环保运动。这些真实的故事表明，年龄并非参与政治活动的障碍，而且你的声音确实至关重要。
11. The UK Parliament Vs Government | 英国议会与政府
Many people confuse Parliament with the government, but they are different. Parliament is the institution that makes laws and holds the government to account; it includes the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the monarch. The government is the group of people who run the country day to day, led by the Prime Minister.
许多人将议会与政府混淆，但它们是不同的。议会是制定法律并监督政府的机构，包括下议院、上议院和君主。政府则是日常管理国家的一群人，由首相领导。
The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the largest party in the Commons. The government proposes policies and carries out laws but must answer to Parliament. This separation is a cornerstone of the UK’s political system and something you will debate in class.
首相通常是下议院中最大党的领袖。政府提出政策并执行法律，但必须对议会负责。这种分离是英国政治体系的基石之一，也是你将在课堂上进行辩论的内容。
12. Summer Activity: Your Political Diary | 暑期活动：你的政治日记
To prepare for Year 7, try keeping a simple political diary during the summer. Each day, write down one news story that involves a political decision. It could be about a new school rule, a local park renovation, or a law being discussed in Parliament. Note the decision-maker, who benefits, and who might be unhappy.
为七年级做准备，不妨在这个暑假尝试记录一份简单的政治日记。每天写下一个涉及政治决策的新闻事件。它可以是关于一条新的校规、一处当地公园的翻新，或是议会正在讨论的一项法律。记下决策者、谁将获益，以及谁可能感到不满。
You can also interview a family member about an issue they care about and ask what they think should change. This habit will sharpen your observation skills and help you arrive in September ready to engage. Politics is everywhere – start noticing it now.
你也可以就某个家人关心的问题采访他们，询问他们认为什么应该改变。这个习惯会提高你的观察能力，帮助你在九月开学时做好参与的准备。政治无处不在——现在就开始留意它吧。
Published by TutorHao | Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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