📚 Year 7 WJEC Sociology: Quick Glossary and Terminology Guide | 七年级 WJEC 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick-reference glossary for Year 7 WJEC Sociology. This guide breaks down the key terms you will encounter in your first year of studying society, people and relationships. Each concept is presented in English and Chinese to help you understand and memorise the vocabulary effectively. Use this as a revision checklist, a flashcard builder or a companion to your class notes. Let us make sociology terminology simple and memorable.
欢迎使用这本为七年级 WJEC 社会学设计的速记词汇指南。本指南拆解了你在初学社会学——研究社会、人与关系——时会遇到的关键术语。每个概念均以中英双语呈现，帮助你理解和有效记忆这些词汇。你可以把它当作复习检查单、闪卡制作素材或者课堂笔记的补充。让我们一起把社会学术语变得简单又难忘。
1. Society and Socialisation | 社会与社会化
Society refers to a group of people who share a common culture, live in a defined territory and have a sense of shared identity. It includes the institutions, relationships and norms that organise our collective life.
社会 是指共享共同文化、生活在特定领域内并具有共同认同感的一群人。它包含组织我们集体生活的制度、关系和规范。
Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the values, norms and behaviours expected in their society. It shapes how we think, act and interact with others.
社会化 是个体学习其所处社会所期望的价值观、规范和行为方式的终身过程。它塑造了我们的思维方式、行为方式以及与他人的互动方式。
Primary socialisation takes place in early childhood, mainly within the family. This is where children first learn language, basic norms and emotional bonds.
初级社会化 发生在儿童早期，主要是在家庭内部。儿童在这里首次学习语言、基本规范和情感纽带。
Secondary socialisation occurs later, through agencies such as schools, peer groups, the media and, eventually, workplaces. It teaches us how to operate in wider society.
次级社会化 发生在后期，通过学校、同辈群体、媒体以及最终的工作场所等机构进行。它教会我们如何在更广阔的社会中处世。
2. Culture and Norms | 文化与规范
Culture encompasses the shared way of life of a group, including language, traditions, customs, art, beliefs and everyday habits. It is learned, not inherited biologically.
文化 包含一个群体共享的生活方式，包括语言、传统、风俗、艺术、信仰和日常习惯。它是后天习得的，而非先天遗传的。
Norms are the unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in specific situations. For example, facing forward in a lift is a norm in many cultures.
规范 是在特定情境下被认为可接受的行为的不成文规则。例如，在许多文化中，在电梯里面向门口站立就是一种规范。
Mores (pronounced ‘mor-ays’) are norms that carry strong moral significance. Breaking a more, such as stealing, often leads to serious disapproval or punishment.
民德 是具有强烈道德意义的规范。违反民德，比如偷窃，通常会引起严重的不满或惩罚。
Folkways are everyday norms based on custom, tradition and politeness. Saying ‘thank you’ or holding a door open are folkways; breaking them may seem rude but not immoral.
民俗 是基于习惯、传统和礼貌的日常规范。说”谢谢”或为他人扶门属于民俗；违反这些规范可能显得粗鲁，但不会被看作不道德。
3. Values and Beliefs | 价值观与信念
Values are deeply held principles that guide our choices and judgments about what is desirable or undesirable. Examples include respect, honesty, fairness and achievement.
价值观 是深深植根于内心的原则，指导我们对何谓可取或不可取的判断与选择。例子包括尊重、诚实、公平和成就。
Beliefs are specific ideas that people hold to be true, which may be based on evidence, faith or cultural tradition. For instance, believing that education leads to a better life is a common belief.
信念 是人们认为是正确的具体观点，可能基于证据、信仰或文化传统。例如，相信教育能带来更美好生活就是一种常见的信念。
Ideology refers to a set of interconnected beliefs and values that form a particular worldview. Political ideologies, for example, shape how people think society should be organised.
意识形态 是指一组相互关联的信念和价值观，形成特定的世界观。例如，政治意识形态塑造了人们对社会组织方式的看法。
4. Roles and Status | 角色与地位
Role is the expected pattern of behaviour attached to a particular social position. A teacher, for instance, is expected to instruct, guide and assess students.
角色 是与特定社会位置相关联的预期行为模式。例如，老师被期望去教导、引导和评估学生。
Status is the social position a person holds. It can be ascribed status, which is fixed at birth (such as being a prince or a daughter), or achieved status, which is earned through effort (such as becoming a doctor or a team captain).
地位 是一个人拥有的社会位置。它可以是先赋地位，即出生时就确定的（如王子或女儿），也可以是自致地位，通过努力获得的（如成为医生或球队队长）。
Role conflict occurs when a person faces incompatible demands from two or more roles. For example, being a student and a part-time worker might create a clash between study time and shift hours.
角色冲突 发生在一个人面对来自两个或以上角色的不相容要求时。例如，既是学生又是兼职工作者，可能会导致学习时间和轮班时间之间的冲突。
5. Identity | 身份认同
Identity is how individuals see themselves and how they are seen by others. It is shaped by personal characteristics, group memberships and social experiences.
身份认同 是个体如何看待自己以及他人如何看待自己。它由个人特征、群体归属和社会经历共同塑造。
Social identity refers to the part of our identity that comes from belonging to groups, such as being a girl, a fan of a sports team or a member of an ethnic community.
社会身份 指我们身份中来自于群体归属的部分，比如作为女性、某球队的球迷或某个族裔社区的成员。
Personal identity consists of the unique traits that make you different from others, including your personality, talents and life history.
个人身份 包括使你与他人不同的独特特质，比如你的性格、才能和生活经历。
Self-concept is the mental image or perception we have of ourselves. It develops through social interaction and can change over time.
自我概念 是我们对自己形成的心理形象或认知。它通过社会互动发展，并可能随时间而变化。
6. Social Institutions | 社会制度
Social institutions are established and structured patterns of behaviour organised around meeting key social needs. The main institutions include the family, education, religion, the media and the political system.
社会制度 是为满足关键社会需求而组织起来的、已成型的结构化行为模式。主要制度包括家庭、教育、宗教、媒体和政治体系。
The family is usually seen as the primary institution responsible for raising children, providing emotional support and teaching early norms.
家庭 通常被视为负责养育子女、提供情感支持和教授早期规范的首要制度。
Education as an institution transmits knowledge, skills and cultural values from one generation to the next, while also preparing young people for the world of work.
教育 作为一种制度，将知识、技能和文化价值观从一代传递到下一代，同时为年轻人进入职场做好准备。
Religion provides a framework of beliefs about the sacred, moral guidance and often a sense of community. Even in secular societies, its influence can be seen in laws and celebrations.
宗教 提供了关于神圣事物的信仰框架、道德指引，并常常带来社群感。即使在世俗社会，其影响也可从法律和节庆中看出。
The media are channels of mass communication, such as television, social media and newspapers, which inform, entertain and shape public opinion.
媒体 是大众传播的渠道，例如电视、社交媒体和报纸，它们传递信息、提供娱乐并塑造公众舆论。
7. Types of Family | 家庭类型
A nuclear family is a family unit made up of two parents and their biological or adopted children living together. This is often presented as the traditional family form in many Western societies.
核心家庭 是由父母及其亲生或收养子女共同生活组成的家庭单元。在许多西方社会，这常被视为传统家庭形式。
An extended family includes relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins, who may live together or maintain very close ties.
扩展家庭 包括核心家庭以外的亲属，如祖父母、姑姨叔舅和堂表亲，他们可能住在一起或保持非常密切的联系。
A single-parent family consists of one parent raising one or more children. This family form may result from divorce, separation, the death of a partner or personal choice.
单亲家庭 由一位家长抚养一个或多个子女组成。这种家庭形式可能源于离婚、分居、伴侣去世或个人选择。
A blended family (or stepfamily) is formed when two adults with children from previous relationships come together. It includes stepparents, stepsiblings and half-siblings.
重组家庭 （或继亲家庭）是指两个成人带着各自之前关系中的子女结合而成的家庭。它包括继父母、继兄弟姐妹和同母异父/同父异母的兄弟姐妹。
A same-sex family is headed by parents of the same gender. These families function in the same loving and supportive ways as other family forms, and their recognition has increased in many countries.
同性家庭 由同性别的家长主导。这些家庭与其他家庭形式一样提供关爱与支持，并在许多国家得到了越来越多的认可。
8. Education and Schools | 教育与学校
Formal education is structured learning that takes place in schools, colleges and universities, usually following a set curriculum and leading to recognised qualifications.
正规教育 是在学校、学院和大学中进行的结构化学习，通常遵循既定课程并获得认可的资格证书。
Informal education refers to learning that occurs outside formal institutions, through family conversations, media consumption, peer interactions and everyday life experiences.
非正规教育 指在正规机构之外通过家庭对话、媒体接触、同辈互动和日常生活经历进行的学习。
The hidden curriculum describes the unwritten, unofficial lessons about norms, values and discipline that students absorb in school. This includes punctuality, obedience and learning to compete or cooperate.
隐性课程 描述了学生在学校吸收的关于规范、价值观和纪律的非书面、非正式课程。这包括守时、服从以及学会竞争或合作。
Streaming and setting are ways schools group students according to perceived ability. Streaming groups students into broad bands for all subjects, while setting places them in different groups for each subject.
分轨与分组教学 是学校根据感知能力对学生进行分组的方式。分轨是将学生分入适用于所有科目的宽泛能力班，而分组教学是每个科目都重新分入不同层次的班组。
9. Media and Technology | 媒体与科技
Mass media are communication technologies that reach large, often anonymous audiences, such as television, radio, newspapers and the internet. They play a powerful role in shaping what we know and think about the world.
大众媒体 是能够触及大量、通常匿名的受众的传播技术，如电视、广播、报纸和互联网。它们在塑造我们对世界的认知和想法方面发挥着强大作用。
Social media refers to online platforms where users create and share content and interact with each other, for example Instagram, TikTok and Snapchat. These have become central to teenage identity and peer relationships.
社交媒体 指用户可以创建和分享内容并互动的在线平台，例如 Instagram、TikTok 和 Snapchat。它们已成为青少年身份认同和同伴关系的核心。
Representation in the media means how particular groups, events or ideas are portrayed. Sociologists ask whether these portrayals are fair, stereotypical or diverse.
媒体中的再现 是指特定群体、事件或思想如何被描绘。社会学家会问这些描绘是否公平、是否刻板或者是否多元。
Media literacy is the ability to access, analyse, evaluate and create media messages. Being media literate helps you spot bias, misinformation and persuasive techniques.
媒介素养 是获取、分析、评价和创作媒体信息的能力。具备媒介素养有助于你识别偏见、错误信息和说服技巧。
10. Key Research Methods | 基本研究方法
Quantitative data is information that can be counted or measured, usually presented as numbers, statistics or graphs. Examples include attendance figures, test scores and survey percentages.
定量数据 是可以计数或测量并以数字、统计或图表呈现的信息。例子包括出勤数字、考试成绩和调查百分比。
Qualitative data is detailed, descriptive information that helps us understand meanings and experiences. Common sources include open-ended interviews, written diaries and observations.
定性数据 是帮助我们理解意义与经历的详细描述性信息。常见来源包括开放式访谈、书面日记和观察记录。
A survey is a research method that collects information from a sample of people using questionnaires or structured interviews. Surveys can be distributed on paper or online.
调查 是通过问卷或结构化访谈从一群人样本中收集信息的研究方法。调查可通过纸质或在线形式发放。
An interview is a one-to-one conversation where the researcher asks questions to gather detailed responses. Formal interviews use set questions, while informal ones are more like a guided chat.
访谈 是一种一对一的谈话，研究者通过提问来收集详细的回答。正式访谈使用预设问题，而非正式访谈更像一次有引导的聊天。
Observation involves watching and recording behaviour in natural or controlled settings. In participant observation, the researcher joins the group; in non-participant observation, they watch from the outside.
观察 涉及在自然或受控环境中观看并记录行为。在参与式观察中，研究者加入群体；在非参与式观察中，则从外部旁观。
11. Quick Memorisation Strategies | 速记策略
Create flashcards with the English term on one side and the Chinese explanation on the other. Regularly test yourself and shuffle the order to avoid memorising the sequence rather than the meaning.
制作闪卡，一面写英文术语，另一面写中文解释。定期自测并打乱顺序，以避免只记住顺序而没记住含义。
Use acronyms and mnemonics to group related terms. For example, to recall the main social institutions, remember ‘F.E.R.M.’ for Family, Education, Religion, Media.
运用首字母缩写和记忆法 将相关术语分组。例如，要记住主要社会制度，可以用 ‘F.E.R.M.’ 代表家庭、教育、宗教、媒体。
Draw mind maps linking each key concept to examples from your own life. Visual connections help your brain store and retrieve the vocabulary more easily.
绘制思维导图，将每个关键概念与你生活中的例子相连接。视觉联系有助于大脑更轻松地储存和提取词汇。
Turn terms into short sentences or stories. For instance, ‘My primary socialisation in the nuclear family taught me norms and values that my secondary socialisation at school later reinforced.’
把术语变成短句或小故事。例如：”我在核心家庭中的初级社会化教会了我规范与价值观，而后来在学校的次级社会化又强化了它们。”
Practise collaborative quizzing with a classmate. Take turns explaining terms to each other, correcting mistakes and adding new examples. Teaching someone else is one of the most effective ways to learn.
与同学一起进行合作测验。轮流互相解释术语，纠正错误并补充新例子。教别人是你自己学习的最有效方式之一。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导Cancel reply