📚 Media Glossary Quick Study Guide | 媒体词汇术语速记指南
Understanding the language of media is essential for analysing films, TV shows, advertisements and digital content. This glossary breaks down ten key media terms with simple definitions and memory tricks to help Year 8 SQA learners build confidence quickly.
理解媒体语言是分析电影、电视节目、广告和数字内容的基础。本词汇指南拆解了十个关键媒体术语，配有简明定义和记忆窍门，帮助 Year 8 SQA 学习者快速建立信心。
1. Mise-en-scène | 场面调度
Mise-en-scène is a French term meaning ‘placing on stage’. It covers everything the director chooses to put in front of the camera: setting, props, lighting, costume, makeup, colour and the positioning of actors. Everything you see in a single frame is part of the mise-en-scène.
场面调度是一个法语术语，意思是“放到舞台上”。它涵盖导演选择放在摄影机前的一切：布景、道具、灯光、服装、化妆、色彩以及演员的站位。你在一个画面中看到的所有东西都属于场面调度。
Quick memory tip: Think ‘miss-on-scene’ – what do you miss if a scene had no props or lighting? The whole atmosphere would be missing.
速记窍门：想象“迷失在场景里”——如果一个场景没有道具和灯光，你会错过什么？整个氛围都会消失。
2. Cinematography | 电影摄影
Cinematography is the art of making motion pictures. It involves all the decisions about the camera: shot size (close-up, long shot), camera angle (high angle, low angle, eye-level), camera movement (pan, tilt, track) and focus (deep focus, shallow focus).
电影摄影是制作电影影像的艺术。它涉及关于摄影机的所有决定：景别（特写、远景）、拍摄角度（俯拍、仰拍、平视）、镜头运动（摇镜、俯仰、推轨）以及焦点（深焦、浅焦）。
Memory helper: ‘Cinema + photography = cinematography’. Think of the camera as the storyteller’s eye.
记忆助手：“Cinema + photography = cinematography”。把摄影机想象成讲故事者的眼睛。
3. Editing | 剪辑
Editing is the process of selecting and joining shots together to create a finished film or sequence. Key editing techniques include cuts, transitions (fade, dissolve, wipe), pace and continuity. Editing controls the rhythm and the flow of time in a media text.
剪辑是选择和连接镜头以创作完整影片或段落的过程。关键剪辑技巧包括剪接、转场（淡入淡出、化、划）、节奏和连贯性。剪辑控制着媒体文本的节奏和时间流动。
Memory trick: Editing is like building a sentence – each shot is a word, and the editor decides the grammar and punctuation.
记忆技巧：剪辑就像造句——每个镜头是一个词语，剪辑师决定语法和标点。
4. Sound | 声音
Sound in media includes dialogue, music, sound effects and silence. It is split into diegetic sound (sounds that exist within the story world, e.g. a radio playing, footsteps) and non-diegetic sound (sounds added for the audience only, e.g. background music, voice-over narration).
媒体中的声音包括对白、音乐、音效和静默。它分为剧情声（故事世界中存在的声音，如播放的收音机、脚步声）和非剧情声（仅为观众添加的声音，如背景音乐、画外音叙述）。
Remember: diegetic = in the story (think ‘die-get-ic’ – the character might die if that sound is real to them); non-diegetic = outside the story.
记住：剧情声 = 故事内（联想“die-get-ic”——如果那个声音对角色来说是真实的，他可能会听到而作出反应）；非剧情声 = 故事外。
5. Narrative | 叙事
Narrative is the way a story is structured and told. Common narrative theories include Todorov’s equilibrium (balance → disruption → recognition → attempt to repair → new equilibrium) and Propp’s character types (hero, villain, helper, donor, princess). Narrative also covers elements like plot, flashbacks and point of view.
叙事是故事被组织和讲述的方式。常见的叙事理论包括托多罗夫的平衡理论（平衡→打破→察觉→尝试修复→新平衡）和普罗普的角色类型（英雄、反派、帮手、赠与者、公主）。叙事也涵盖情节、闪回和视角等元素。
Memory aid: Think of narrative as the ‘story skeleton’. The same bones can create different creatures.
记忆辅助：把叙事想象成“故事骨架”。同样的骨架可以塑造不同的生命体。
6. Genre | 类型
Genre is a category of media texts that share similar conventions, themes and styles. Examples include horror, comedy, science fiction and romance. Genres use recognizable iconography, settings, character types and narrative patterns to set audience expectations.
类型是具有相似惯例、主题和风格的媒体文本类别。例如恐怖片、喜剧片、科幻片和爱情片。类型使用可识别的视觉符号、场景、角色类型和叙事模式来设定观众期望。
Memory trick: ‘Genre’ sounds like ‘general’ – it gives you a general idea of what to expect.
记忆技巧：“Genre”读音像“general”——它让你对要看到的内容有个大概的预判。
7. Representation | 表征
Representation refers to how media texts portray people, places, events and ideas. It is a constructed version of reality, not a direct mirror. Media representations can reinforce stereotypes or challenge them, depending on the choices made about casting, dialogue, costume and camera work.
表征指媒体文本如何呈现人物、地点、事件和思想。它是一种被建构的现实版本，而不是直接的镜子。媒体表征可以通过演员阵容、对白、服装和镜头工作的选择来强化或挑战刻板印象。
Quick memory: ‘Re-presentation’ – the media re-presents the world to us, selecting what to include and what to leave out.
快速记忆：“再-呈现”——媒体向我们重新呈现世界，选择包含什么和剔除什么。
8. Audience | 受众
Audience refers to the people who consume a media text. Media producers target specific audiences based on demographics (age, gender, income) and psychographics (interests, values). Theories such as the uses and gratifications model suggest audiences actively select media to meet needs like entertainment, information, personal identity and social interaction.
受众指消费媒体文本的人。媒体制作者根据人口统计（年龄、性别、收入）和心理统计（兴趣、价值观）来定位目标受众。诸如使用与满足理论等方法认为，受众主动选择媒体以满足娱乐、信息、个人认同和社会互动等需求。
Memory helper: ‘Audience’ contains ‘audio’ – originally they had to hear, now they watch too. Think about who a poster or trailer is trying to attract.
记忆助手：“Audience”含有“audio”——最初他们只能听，现在也能看。想一想一张海报或预告片想要吸引谁。
9. Denotation and Connotation | 外延与内涵
Denotation is the literal, dictionary meaning of a sign or image – what you actually see or hear. Connotation is the associated, cultural or emotional meaning that the sign carries. For example, a red rose denotes a flower; it connotes love, romance or even political symbolism.
外延是一个符号或图像的字面、词典式含义——你实际看到或听到的。内涵是符号所携带的联想、文化或情感意义。例如，一朵红玫瑰的外延是花朵；它内涵着爱情、浪漫甚至政治象征。
Memory trick: Denotation = what you ‘note’ directly; Connotation = what you ‘connect’ to in your mind.
记忆技巧：Denotation = 你直接“注意”到的；Connotation = 你脑海中“联想”到的。
10. Semiotics | 符号学
Semiotics is the study of signs and how they create meaning. A sign consists of a signifier (the physical form – a word, image or sound) and the signified (the mental concept it represents). Semiotics helps us understand how media use codes and symbols to communicate messages.
符号学是研究符号及其如何创造意义的学科。一个符号由能指（物理形式——词语、图像或声音）和所指（它所代表的心理概念）组成。符号学帮助我们理解媒体如何使用代码和符号来传达信息。
Memory aid: Semiotics = ‘see-me-otics’ – you see a sign and it links to an idea. Always ask: what is the sign, and what does it stand for?
记忆辅助：Semiotics = “see-me-otics”——你看到一个符号，它关联到一个想法。永远问：这个符号是什么，它代表什么？
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