📚 Year 8 AQA Computer Science: Vocabulary Terms Quick Guide | Year 8 AQA 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
This guide covers the essential computing terms for Year 8 following the AQA curriculum. Each term is presented with a clear English explanation followed by its Chinese equivalent, helping you memorise both the concepts and the language needed for assessments.
本指南涵盖了Year 8 AQA课程中的核心计算机术语。每个术语先提供清晰的英文解释，再配以对应的中文阐释，帮助你同时掌握概念和考试所需的语言。
1. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
Program – A sequence of instructions written in a language that a computer can execute to perform a task.
程序 – 用计算机可执行的语言编写的一组指令，用于完成特定任务。
Code – The text of a program; the lines of instruction written by a programmer.
代码 – 程序的文本内容；程序员编写的一行行指令。
Syntax – The set of rules that define the correct structure of statements in a programming language.
语法 – 定义编程语言中语句正确结构的一套规则。
Command – A single instruction given to a computer to carry out a specific action.
命令 – 指示计算机执行某一具体操作的单一指令。
Input – Data that is received by a program, often from a user via keyboard, mouse, or sensor.
输入 – 程序接收的数据，通常来自用户通过键盘、鼠标或传感器。
Output – Information produced by a program after processing, such as text on a screen or sound.
输出 – 程序处理后产生的信息，例如屏幕上的文字或声音。
2. Variables and Data Types | 变量与数据类型
Variable – A named memory location that stores a value which can be read or changed during program execution.
变量 – 一个命名的内存位置，存储的值可在程序运行期间被读取或修改。
Data type – A classification that determines what kind of data a variable can hold, such as integer, string, or Boolean.
数据类型 – 决定变量可保存何种数据的分类，例如整数、字符串或布尔型。
Integer (int) – A whole number without a decimal part, e.g., 7, -3, 204.
整数 (int) – 不带小数部分的整数，例如7、-3、204。
String (str) – A sequence of characters enclosed in quotation marks, used to represent text.
字符串 (str) – 用引号括起来的一串字符，用于表示文本。
Float – A number that contains a decimal point, e.g., 3.14, 0.5, -2.0.
浮点数 – 包含小数点的数字，例如3.14、0.5、-2.0。
Boolean – A data type that can only be one of two values: True or False.
布尔型 – 只能取两个值之一的数据类型：True 或 False。
3. Conditional Statements | 条件判断
Condition – An expression that evaluates to either True or False, used to decide which path a program takes.
条件 – 结果为True或False的表达式，用于决定程序选择哪条路径。
If statement – A control structure that runs a block of code only when a specified condition is true.
If 语句 – 一种控制结构，仅在指定条件为True时执行某段代码。
Else statement – The part of a conditional that runs when the ‘if’ condition is false.
Else 语句 – 条件结构中当’if‘条件为False时执行的部分。
Elif statement – Short for ‘else if’; checks another condition when the previous ‘if’ was false.
Elif 语句 – ’else if‘的缩写；当前一个’if‘为False时检查另一个条件。
Comparison operator – A symbol that compares two values, such as == (equal to), != (not equal to), > (greater than), < (less than).
比较运算符 – 比较两个值的符号，如==（等于）、!=（不等于）、>（大于）、<（小于）。
4. Loops and Iteration | 循环与迭代
Loop – A programming structure that repeats a block of code multiple times.
循环 – 一种重复执行某段代码多次的程序结构。
Iteration – One single repetition of a loop; the act of repeating a process.
迭代 – 循环的一次重复；重复执行某个过程的行为。
For loop – A loop that runs a fixed number of times, often using a counter variable.
For 循环 – 运行固定次数的循环，通常使用一个计数器变量。
While loop – A loop that continues as long as a given condition remains true.
While 循环 – 当给定的条件保持为True时一直继续的循环。
Infinite loop – A loop that never ends because the exit condition is never met.
无限循环 – 由于退出条件从未满足而永不结束的循环。
Counter – A variable used to keep track of the number of times a loop has executed.
计数器 – 用于记录循环已执行次数的变量。
5. Algorithms and Flowcharts | 算法与流程图
Algorithm – A step-by-step procedure or set of rules for solving a problem, independent of any programming language.
算法 – 解决问题的分步步骤或规则集，与任何编程语言无关。
Flowchart – A diagram that represents an algorithm using special symbols connected by arrows to show the flow.
流程图 – 使用特殊符号并通过箭头连接以展示流程的图表，用于表示算法。
Oval (terminator) – The flowchart symbol used to indicate the start or end of a process.
椭圆（起止符） – 用于表示流程开始或结束的流程图符号。
Rectangle (process) – The flowchart symbol representing a calculation or an instruction.
矩形（处理框） – 表示计算或指令的流程图符号。
Diamond (decision) – The symbol that shows a decision between two or more paths, usually a yes/no question.
菱形（判断框） – 表示在两个或多个路径之间做出决策的符号，通常为是/否问题。
Pseudocode – A way of writing an algorithm using simple English-like statements that are not tied to a specific language’s syntax.
伪代码 – 使用类似英语的简单语句书写算法的方法，不受特定语言语法的约束。
6. Binary and Data Representation | 二进制与数据表示
Binary – A number system that uses only two digits, 0 and 1, to represent all values. Each digit is called a bit.
二进制 – 只使用0和1两个数字表示所有数值的数制。每个数字称为一个位。
Bit – The smallest unit of data in a computer; a single binary digit (0 or 1).
比特 (位) – 计算机数据的最小单位；一个二进制数字（0或1）。
Byte – A group of 8 bits, often used to represent one character of text.
字节 – 由8个位组成的一组，通常用于表示一个文本字符。
Denary (decimal) – The base-10 number system that uses digits 0–9, familiar to most people.
十进制 – 使用0–9数字的基-10数制，为大多数人所熟悉。
ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange; a code that maps letters, digits, and symbols to binary values.
ASCII码 – 美国信息交换标准代码；将字母、数字和符号映射为二进制值的编码。
Pixel – The smallest controllable element of a digital image; its colour is stored as binary numbers.
像素 – 数字图像中最小的可控元素；其颜色以二进制数形式存储。
7. Computer Systems | 计算机系统
CPU (Central Processing Unit) – The ‘brain’ of the computer that processes instructions, performing fetch-decode-execute cycles.
中央处理器 (CPU) – 计算机的’大脑‘，负责处理指令，执行取指-译码-执行周期。
RAM (Random Access Memory) – Temporary, volatile memory that stores data and programs currently in use; it loses contents when power is off.
随机存取存储器 (RAM) – 临时的、易失性存储器，存储当前正在使用的数据和程序；断电后内容丢失。
ROM (Read-Only Memory) – Non-volatile memory that contains permanent instructions needed to start the computer, such as the BIOS.
只读存储器 (ROM) – 非易失性存储器，包含启动计算机所需的永久指令，如BIOS。
Motherboard – The main circuit board that connects the CPU, memory, and other components, allowing them to communicate.
主板 – 连接CPU、内存和其他部件的主要电路板，使它们能够相互通信。
Storage (secondary) – Long-term, non-volatile data storage such as a hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD).
辅助存储器 – 长期的非易失性数据存储，如硬盘驱动器 (HDD) 或固态驱动器 (SSD)。
8. Hardware and Software | 硬件与软件
Hardware – The physical components of a computer system that you can touch, such as the keyboard, mouse, and monitor.
硬件 – 计算机系统中可触摸的物理部件，如键盘、鼠标和显示器。
Software – The programs and instructions that tell the hardware what to do; cannot be physically touched.
软件 – 告诉硬件该做什么的程序和指令；不可物理接触。
Operating System (OS) – System software that manages hardware resources, runs applications, and provides a user interface, e.g., Windows, macOS.
操作系统 – 管理硬件资源、运行应用程序并提供用户界面的系统软件，如Windows、macOS。
Application software – Programs designed to perform specific tasks for users, such as word processors, web browsers, and games.
应用软件 – 为用户执行特定任务而设计的程序，如文字处理器、网络浏览器和游戏。
Peripheral – An external device connected to the computer, used for input, output, or storage (e.g., printer, scanner, external hard drive).
外围设备 – 连接到计算机的外部设备，用于输入、输出或存储（如打印机、扫描仪、外置硬盘）。
9. Networks and the Internet | 网络与互联网
Network – Two or more computers connected together to share resources, data, or communication.
网络 – 两台或多台连接在一起以共享资源、数据或通信的计算机。
LAN (Local Area Network) – A network confined to a small geographical area, such as a school or office building.
局域网 (LAN) – 局限于较小地理范围的网络，如学校或办公楼内。
WAN (Wide Area Network) – A network that covers a large geographical area, often made up of multiple LANs; the Internet is the largest WAN.
广域网 (WAN) – 覆盖大地理范围的网络，常由多个局域网组成；互联网是最大的广域网。
Internet – A global network of computers that use standard protocols to communicate and share information.
互联网 – 使用标准协议进行通信和共享信息的全球计算机网络。
IP address – A unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network, used to locate and identify it.
IP 地址 – 分配给网络上每台设备的唯一数字标签，用于定位和识别。
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) – A web address that specifies the location of a resource on the Internet, e.g., ‘https://www.example.com’.
统一资源定位符 (URL) – 指定互联网上资源位置的网址，例如’https://www.example.com’。
DNS (Domain Name System) – The system that translates human-friendly domain names into IP addresses so browsers can load websites.
域名系统 (DNS) – 将人类易记的域名转换为IP地址的系统，以便浏览器加载网站。
Protocol – A set of rules that defines how data is transmitted and received over a network (e.g., HTTP, TCP/IP).
协议 – 定义数据如何在网络上传输和接收的一套规则（如HTTP、TCP/IP）。
10. Debugging and Testing | 调试与测试
Bug – An error, flaw, or fault in a program that causes it to produce incorrect or unexpected results.
缺陷 (Bug) – 程序中导致产生不正确或意外结果的错误、瑕疵或故障。
Debugging – The process of finding and removing bugs from a program to make it work correctly.
调试 – 查找并消除程序中缺陷的过程，使其正确运行。
Syntax error – A mistake in the code that breaks the language’s rules, often detected before the program runs.
语法错误 – 代码中违反语言规则的错误，通常在程序运行前就被检测到。
Logic error – A mistake in the program’s design that produces the wrong output even though the code runs without crashing.
逻辑错误 – 程序设计中导致输出错误的缺陷，尽管代码运行时未崩溃。
Runtime error – An error that occurs while the program is running, such as dividing by zero or attempting to access a missing file.
运行时错误 – 程序运行时发生的错误，如除以零或尝试访问缺失的文件。
Test data – Sample data used to check if a program works correctly, often including normal, boundary, and erroneous values.
测试数据 – 用于检查程序是否正常工作的样本数据，通常包括正常值、边界值和错误值。
11. Computational Thinking | 计算思维
Computational thinking – The thought processes involved in formulating a problem and expressing its solution in a way a computer can carry out.
计算思维 – 在将问题形式化并用计算机可执行的方式表达解决方案时所涉及的思维过程。
Decomposition – Breaking a complex problem down into smaller, more manageable parts.
分解 – 将一个复杂问题分解成更小、更易于管理的部分。
Pattern recognition – Looking for similarities or patterns in problems to help solve them more efficiently.
模式识别 – 寻找问题中的相似性或模式，以便更高效地解决。
Abstraction – Focusing on the important information only, ignoring irrelevant detail to create a simplified model.
抽象 – 只关注重要信息，忽略无关细节以创建简化模型。
Algorithmic thinking – Developing a step-by-step plan to solve a problem, considering the sequence and logic.
算法思维 – 开发分步计划来解决问题，考虑顺序和逻辑。
12. Cybersecurity Basics | 网络安全基础
Malware – Malicious software designed to harm, disrupt, or gain unauthorised access to a computer system, including viruses and worms.
恶意软件 – 旨在损害、破坏或未经授权访问计算机系统的恶意软件，包括病毒和蠕虫。
Virus – A type of malware that attaches itself to a legitimate program and spreads when that program is run, often corrupting data.
病毒 – 一种恶意软件，将自身附加到合法程序中，并在该程序运行时传播，常常损坏数据。
Phishing – A cyber attack that uses deceptive emails or websites to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information like passwords or credit card numbers.
网络钓鱼 – 使用欺骗性电子邮件或网站诱骗个人泄露密码或信用卡号等敏感信息的网络攻击。
Firewall – A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
防火墙 – 一种安全系统，根据预定的安全规则监控和控制进出网络流量。
Encryption – The process of converting data into a coded form to prevent unauthorised access; only someone with the correct key can decrypt it.
加密 – 将数据转换为编码形式以防止未经授权访问的过程；只有拥有正确密钥的人才能解密。
Password – A secret string of characters used to verify identity and gain access to a system; strong passwords are long and include a mix of character types.
密码 – 用于验证身份并获取系统访问权限的秘密字符串；强密码较长且包含多种字符类型。
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