📚 Year 8 CIE Engineering: Vocabulary Quick-Reference Guide | Year 8 CIE 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering engineering terminology is the first step to excelling in your CIE Lower Secondary Engineering course. This guide presents key vocabulary in both English and Chinese, grouped by topic, to help you remember and apply these terms with confidence. Each concept is explained clearly, and the bilingual format reinforces understanding through comparison.
掌握工程术语是在 CIE 初中工程课程中取得优异成绩的第一步。本指南按照主题分组，以中英双语形式呈现核心词汇，帮助你自信地记忆和运用这些术语。每个概念都解释得很清楚，双语模式通过对照加深理解。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force – A push or pull that can change the motion of an object. Forces are measured in newtons (N).
力 – 推或拉的作用，可以改变物体的运动状态。力的单位是牛顿（N）。
Gravity – The force of attraction between any two masses. On Earth, gravity pulls objects downwards at 9.8 m/s².
重力 – 任意两个有质量的物体之间的吸引力。在地球上，重力以 9.8 m/s² 的加速度将物体向下拉。
Friction – A force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be helpful (grip) or unhelpful (wear).
摩擦力 – 阻碍两个接触表面之间相对运动的力。它可以是有益的（抓地力）也可以是有害的（磨损）。
Speed – How fast an object is moving, calculated as distance travelled divided by time taken.
速率 – 物体运动的快慢，用经过的距离除以所用时间来计算。
Average Speed = Total Distance ÷ Total Time
Balanced Forces – When forces acting on an object are equal in size and opposite in direction, resulting in no change in motion.
平衡力 – 当作用在物体上的力大小相等、方向相反时，物体的运动状态不发生改变。
2. Structures and Loads | 结构与载荷
Structure – An arrangement of parts designed to support loads. Examples include bridges, towers and frames.
结构 – 为支撑载荷而设计的部件组合，例如桥梁、塔架和框架。
Load – The weight or force that a structure must withstand. Loads can be static (steady) or dynamic (changing).
载荷 – 结构必须承受的重量或力。载荷可以是静态的（恒定）或动态的（变化的）。
Tension – A pulling force that stretches a material. Structural members in tension are called ties.
拉力 – 拉伸材料的拉力。承受拉力的结构构件称为拉杆。
Compression – A pushing force that squeezes a material. Structural members in compression are called struts.
压力 – 挤压材料的推力。承受压力的结构构件称为压杆。
Shear Force – A force that causes parts of a material to slide past each other in opposite directions.
剪切力 – 使材料的不同部分沿相反方向滑动的力。
Bending – The combination of tension on one side of a beam and compression on the other when a load is applied.
弯曲 – 当载荷作用于横梁时，一侧受拉另一侧受压的复合受力状态。
3. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能
Hardness – The ability of a material to resist scratching or indentation. Diamond is extremely hard.
硬度 – 材料抵抗刮擦或压入的能力。金刚石极其坚硬。
Ductility – The ability of a material to be stretched into a wire without breaking. Copper is very ductile.
延展性 – 材料被拉伸成细丝而不至断裂的能力。铜的延展性很好。
Malleability – The ability of a material to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets. Aluminium is highly malleable.
可锻性 – 材料被捶打或轧制成薄片而不破裂的能力。铝的可锻性很高。
Elasticity – The ability of a material to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed.
弹性 – 材料在拉伸或压缩后恢复到原始形状的能力。
Conductivity – The rate at which a material transmits heat or electricity. Metals are good conductors; plastics are insulators.
导热/导电性 – 材料传导热量或电力的速率。金属是良导体，塑料是绝缘体。
Density – The mass per unit volume of a material. It is often measured in grams per cubic centimetre (g/cm³).
密度 – 材料单位体积的质量，通常以克每立方厘米（g/cm³）为单位。
4. Levers and Linkages | 杠杆与连杆机构
Lever – A simple machine consisting of a rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point called the fulcrum.
杠杆 – 一种简单机械，由一根刚性杆绕固定点（支点）转动构成。
Fulcrum – The pivot point around which a lever rotates.
支点 – 杠杆围绕其转动的铰接点。
Load – The object or resistance that a lever is trying to move or lift.
负荷 – 杠杆试图移动或抬起的物体或阻力。
Effort – The force applied to a lever to overcome a load.
施力 – 施加在杠杆上以克服负荷的力。
Mechanical Advantage – The ratio of the load force to the effort force. A lever provides mechanical advantage when the effort arm is longer than the load arm.
机械效益 – 负荷力与施加力之比。当施力臂长于负荷臂时，杠杆便能提供机械效益。
Mechanical Advantage = Load ÷ Effort
Linkage – A system of rods and pivots connected to transfer motion and force. Common types include reverse-motion and parallel-motion linkages.
连杆机构 – 由杆件和转动副连接而成的系统，用于传递运动和力。常见类型有反向运动连杆和平行运动连杆。
5. Pulleys and Gears | 滑轮与齿轮
Pulley – A wheel with a grooved rim through which a rope or belt runs. It changes the direction of a force. A single fixed pulley has a mechanical advantage of 1.
滑轮 – 边缘带有凹槽的轮子，绳子或皮带在其上运行。它可以改变力的方向。单个定滑轮的机械效益为 1。
Block and Tackle – A system of multiple pulleys that provides a greater mechanical advantage by sharing the load across several rope sections.
滑车组 – 由多个滑轮组成的系统，通过将负荷分配到多段绳索来提供更大的机械效益。
Gear – A toothed wheel that meshes with another gear to transmit torque and change speed or direction of rotation.
齿轮 – 带有齿的轮子，与另一齿轮啮合以传递扭矩并改变转速或旋转方向。
Driver Gear – The gear that provides the input force and rotation.
主动齿轮 – 提供输入动力和旋转的齿轮。
Driven Gear – The gear that receives motion from the driver gear.
从动齿轮 – 接受主动齿轮传递运动的齿轮。
Gear Ratio – The ratio of the number of teeth on the driven gear to the number of teeth on the driver gear. A ratio greater than 1 reduces speed but increases torque.
齿轮比 – 从动齿轮齿数与主动齿轮齿数之比。齿轮比大于 1 时减速增扭。
Gear Ratio = Teeth on Driven ÷ Teeth on Driver
6. Electrical Basics | 电学基础
Electric Current – The flow of electric charge through a conductor. It is measured in amperes (A) and flows from positive to negative by conventional notation.
电流 – 电荷通过导体的流动，单位为安培（A）。通常约定电流从正极流向负极。
Voltage – The ‘push’ or electrical pressure that drives current around a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and is also called potential difference.
电压 – 驱动电流在电路中流动的“推力”或电压力，单位为伏特（V），也叫电势差。
Resistance – The opposition to the flow of electric current. It is measured in ohms (Ω). Higher resistance reduces current for a given voltage.
电阻 – 对电流流动的阻碍作用，单位为欧姆（Ω）。给定电压下，电阻越大电流越小。
Ohm’s Law – The relationship between voltage, current and resistance. It states that voltage equals current multiplied by resistance.
欧姆定律 – 描述电压、电流与电阻之间关系的定律：电压等于电流乘以电阻。
V = I × R
Series Circuit – A circuit in which components are connected end to end, so there is only one path for current. The current is the same throughout.
串联电路 – 元件首尾顺次相连的电路，电流只有一条通路，各处电流相等。
Parallel Circuit – A circuit in which components are connected on separate branches, providing multiple paths for current. The voltage across each branch is the same.
并联电路 – 元件连接在分开的支路上，提供多条电流路径。各支路两端电压相等。
7. Circuit Components | 电路元件
Resistor – A component that limits current and provides a specific resistance. Fixed resistors have a constant value; variable resistors (potentiometers) can be adjusted.
电阻器 – 限制电流并提供特定电阻值的元件。固定电阻器阻值恒定，可变电阻器（电位器）可以调节。
Light-Emitting Diode (LED) – A semiconductor device that emits light when current passes through it. It is efficient and requires a resistor to limit current.
发光二极管 (LED) – 一种半导体器件，电流通过时发光。效率高，但需要串联电阻限制电流。
Switch – A device for making or breaking a circuit. Switches can be push-to-make, toggle, or slide types.
开关 – 用来接通或断开电路的装置，有按键、拨动、滑动等类型。
Battery – A source of electrical energy consisting of one or more cells that convert chemical energy into electricity.
电池 – 由一个或多个将化学能转化为电能的电池单元组成的电源。
Motor – A device that converts electrical energy into rotational motion. It often uses electromagnetism to spin a shaft.
电动机 – 将电能转化为旋转运动的装置，通常利用电磁原理使轴转动。
Buzzer – An output component that produces sound when electricity passes through it.
蜂鸣器 – 通电后发出声音的输出元件。
8. Energy and Power | 能量与功率
Energy – The capacity to do work. It exists in many forms: kinetic, potential, thermal, light, sound, electrical and chemical.
能量 – 做功的能力，以多种形式存在：动能、势能、热能、光能、声能、电能和化学能。
Kinetic Energy – The energy an object possesses due to its motion. A moving car has kinetic energy.
动能 – 物体由于运动而具有的能量。行驶中的汽车具有动能。
Potential Energy – Stored energy because of position or condition. A raised weight possesses gravitational potential energy.
势能 – 由于位置或状态而储存的能量。被举高的重物就具有重力势能。
Power – The rate at which energy is transferred or work is done. It is measured in watts (W). One watt equals one joule per second.
功率 – 能量转移或做功的速率，单位为瓦特（W）。1 瓦特等于每秒 1 焦耳。
Efficiency – The percentage of input energy that is converted into useful output. Efficiency is always less than 100% due to losses such as heat and friction.
效率 – 输入能量转化为有用输出的百分比。由于热和摩擦等损失，效率总是小于 100%。
Efficiency = (Useful Output Energy ÷ Total Input Energy) × 100%
Renewable Energy – Energy from sources that are naturally replenished, such as solar, wind and hydro power.
可再生能源 – 来自太阳能、风能、水能等自然补充的能源。
9. Manufacturing and Joining | 制造与连接
Marking Out – The process of transferring measurements and shapes onto a workpiece before cutting or shaping. Tools include a scriber, try square and centre punch.
划线 – 将尺寸和轮廓转移到工件上以便切割或成型的工艺。使用的工具有画针、直角尺和中心冲。
Cutting – Separating material using tools such as saws, shears or laser cutters. Waste material is removed to achieve the desired shape.
切割 – 使用锯、剪或激光切割机等工具分离材料，去除废料以获得所需的形状。
Drilling – Making circular holes using a rotating drill bit. The hole diameter is determined by the bit size.
钻孔 – 使用旋转的钻头制作圆孔，孔径由钻头尺寸决定。
Joining – Methods of connecting components, including adhesive bonding, soldering, welding, nuts and bolts, and rivets.
连接 – 将部件接合在一起的方法，包括粘接、焊接、螺母螺栓和铆接。
Soldering – A process that joins metal parts using a filler metal (solder) melted at relatively low temperature. It is commonly used in electronics.
软钎焊 – 使用较低熔点的填充金属（焊料）连接金属部件，广泛用于电子制造。
Finishing – Surface treatment to protect or enhance appearance, e.g. painting, varnishing, polishing or anodising.
表面处理 – 为保护或美化的表面处理工艺，如涂漆、上清漆、抛光或阳极氧化。
10. Design and Sustainability | 设计与可持续性
Design Brief – A clear statement describing the problem, needs and constraints that a design must address.
设计任务书 – 清晰描述问题、需求以及设计必须满足的限制条件的说明文件。
Specification – A detailed list of technical and performance requirements that a final product should meet.
规格说明 – 最终产品应满足的技术和性能要求的详细列表。
Prototype – A preliminary model built to test a design concept. Prototypes help identify flaws before full-scale production.
原型 – 为测试设计概念而制作的初步模型，有助于在大规模生产前发现问题。
Sustainability – Meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In engineering, it involves using resources responsibly and reducing waste.
可持续性 – 满足当前需求而不损害后代满足其自身需求的能力。在工程中，这涉及负责任地使用资源和减少废弃物。
Recycling – Recovering materials from used products to make new ones, reducing the demand for virgin raw materials.
回收利用 – 从废旧产品中回收材料用于制造新产品，减少对原生原材料的需求。
Carbon Footprint – The total greenhouse gas emissions caused by a product, process or activity, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent.
碳足迹 – 产品、过程或活动产生的温室气体排放总量，以二氧化碳当量表示。
Life Cycle Assessment – A method for evaluating the environmental impacts of a product from raw material extraction through manufacture, use and disposal.
生命周期评价 – 评估产品从原材料开采、制造、使用到废弃全过程环境影响的方法。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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