📚 Year 8 Edexcel Business: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 8 Edexcel 商务：词汇术语速记指南
In the Edexcel Year 8 Business course, command of key terms is not just about memorising definitions—it is the foundation for analysing case studies, answering exam questions with precision, and demonstrating real understanding. Even if you have brilliant ideas, using informal language can cost you marks. This guide is designed to help you memorise and master essential business vocabulary quickly and effectively. You will encounter terms related to enterprise, finance, marketing, ownership, and economic context. Let’s dive in.
在Edexcel 8年级商务课程中，掌握关键词汇不仅仅是背定义——它是精准分析案例、回答考题并展示真正理解的基础。即使你有绝妙的想法，使用非正式语言也可能丢分。本指南旨在帮助你快速有效地记忆并掌握核心商务术语。你将遇到企业、财务、市场营销、所有权形式以及经济背景相关的词汇。我们开始吧。
1. Why Business Vocabulary Matters | 为何商务词汇重要
Using the correct business terms shows the examiner that you understand the subject deeply. For example, saying ‘money coming in’ is vague, but ‘revenue’ or ‘income’ is precise and earns credit.
使用正确的商务术语向考官展示你对学科有深入理解。例如，说 ‘进来的钱’ 很模糊，而 ‘收入’ 或 ‘收益’ 则精确且能得分。
Many business terms have subtle differences (e.g., customer vs consumer). Mistaking them can lead to lost marks in definition questions and application tasks.
许多商务术语间存在细微差别（如顾客与消费者）。混淆它们会在定义题和应用题中导致失分。
In the Edexcel mark scheme, clear terminology is often required to access higher bands. Building a solid vocabulary from Year 8 sets you up for success in later years.
在Edexcel评分方案中，清晰的术语常是获得高分档的必要条件。从8年级开始积累扎实词汇为日后成功奠定基础。
2. Enterprise and Entrepreneurs | 企业与企业家基础术语
An enterprise is a project or business venture that involves risk, typically with the aim of making a profit. It can refer to the whole business or the act of being enterprising.
企业（enterprise）是涉及风险的项目或商业冒险，通常以盈利为目标。它可以指整个生意，也可以指进取心的行为。
An entrepreneur is a person who spots an opportunity, organises resources, and is willing to take financial, personal, and social risks to set up and run a business. Famous examples include entrepreneurs like Elon Musk or local small-business owners.
企业家（entrepreneur）是发现机会、组织资源，并愿意承担财务、个人和社会风险创办并经营生意的人。著名例子包括Elon Musk或本地小企业主。
Social enterprise: a business that trades to tackle social problems, improve communities or the environment, and reinvests most of its profits for this purpose. It is not the same as a charity.
社会企业（social enterprise）：通过交易来解决社会问题、改善社区或环境的商业，并将其大部分利润再投入于此。它不同于慈善机构。
3. Goods, Services, Needs and Wants | 商品、服务、需求与欲望
Goods are tangible items you can touch and own, such as smartphones, clothing, or food. Services are intangible activities performed for you, like haircuts, education, or insurance.
商品（goods）是你可以触摸和拥有的有形物品，如手机、衣服或食品。服务（services）是为你执行的无形活动，如理发、教育或保险。
Needs are things essential for survival—food, water, shelter, and basic clothing. Wants are things that make life more comfortable or enjoyable but are not necessary for survival, such as the latest video game or luxury holidays.
需求（needs）是生存必需品——食物、水、住所和基本衣物。欲望（wants）是让生活更舒适或愉快但非生存必需的东西，如最新的电子游戏或豪华假期。
Businesses must understand whether they are satisfying a need or a want, because this affects pricing, advertising, and how recession-proof their sales might be.
企业必须明白他们满足的是需求还是欲望，因为这影响定价、广告以及其销售是否抵御衰退。
4. Customers, Consumers and Markets | 顾客、消费者与市场
A customer is the person or organisation that buys a product or service. A consumer is the person who actually uses or consumes it. They are often the same, but not always—for instance, a parent (customer) buys a toy for a child (consumer).
顾客（customer）是购买产品或服务的个人或组织。消费者（consumer）是真正使用或消费它的人。他们常常是同一个人，但并非总是——例如，家长（顾客）为孩子（消费者）买玩具。
A market is any place or system where buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods or services. This can be a physical market like a high street shop, or an online marketplace like eBay.
市场（market）是买卖双方聚集在一起交换商品或服务的任何场所或系统。它可以是实体市场，如商业街店铺，或在线市场，如eBay。
Target market: a specific group of customers at which a product or service is aimed, defined by age, income, interests, etc. Identifying this helps businesses design effective marketing strategies.
目标市场（target market）：产品或服务针对的特定顾客群体，由年龄、收入、兴趣等界定。识别目标市场有助于企业设计有效的营销策略。
5. Revenue, Costs and Profit | 收入、成本与利润
Revenue (also called sales revenue or turnover) is the total amount of money a business receives from selling goods or services. Formula: Revenue = Selling price × Quantity sold.
收入（revenue，也称销售收入或营业额）是企业从销售商品或服务中获得的总金额。公式：收入 = 售价 × 销售数量。
Costs are the expenses a business incurs. They can be fixed (e.g., rent, salaries that do not change with output) or variable (e.g., raw materials, packaging that vary with output).
成本（costs）是企业产生的开支。它们可以是固定成本（fixed costs，如租金、不随产量变化的工资）或可变成本（variable costs，如原材料、包装，随产量变化）。
Profit = Total revenue – Total costs. If costs are higher than revenue, the business makes a loss. Profit is the reward for risk-taking and is essential for long-term survival and growth.
利润（profit）= 总收入 – 总成本。如果成本高于收入，企业就亏损。利润是承担风险的回报，对长期生存和发展至关重要。
6. The Marketing Mix (4Ps) | 市场营销组合（4P）
The marketing mix consists of four elements—Product, Price, Place, and Promotion—that a business combines to meet customer needs and achieve its objectives.
市场营销组合由四个要素组成——产品（Product）、价格（Price）、渠道（Place）和促销（Promotion）——企业将它们组合以满足顾客需求并实现其目标。
Product: the good or service offered, including its design, quality, features, brand, and packaging. Price: how much customers pay; it must cover costs and be competitive. Place: distribution channels and locations where customers can buy, such as shops, websites, wholesalers. Promotion: communication methods like advertising, sales promotions, social media, and public relations.
产品：提供的商品或服务，包括其设计、质量、特性、品牌和包装。价格：顾客支付的金额；它必须覆盖成本并具有竞争力。渠道：顾客可以购买的销售渠道和地点，如商店、网站、批发商。促销：传播方法，如广告、促销活动、社交媒体和公共关系。
All four Ps must work together consistently. For example, a luxury product needs a high price, exclusive placement, and premium promotional image.
四个P必须协调一致。例如，奢侈品需要高价格、独家的渠道和高级的促销形象。
7. Types of Business Ownership | 企业所有权类型
Sole trader (sole proprietor): a business owned and operated by one person. The owner has unlimited liability, meaning personal assets are at risk if the business fails. Easy to set up but difficult to raise large sums of money.
个体经营者（sole trader）：由一个人拥有并经营的生意。所有者承担无限责任，即如果生意失败，个人资产面临风险。易于创立，但难以筹集大量资金。
Partnership: a business owned by 2 to 20 partners who share the profits, responsibilities, and risks. A deed of partnership outlines the terms. Partners typically have unlimited liability unless they are limited partners in a limited partnership.
合伙企业（partnership）：由2至20名合伙人共同拥有，共享利润、职责和风险。合伙契约规定了条款。合伙人通常承担无限责任，除非是有限合伙中的有限合伙人。
Private limited company (Ltd): a business owned by shareholders who have limited liability (they can only lose the money they invested). Shares cannot be sold to the public. The company has a separate legal identity from its owners. Franchise: a business model where a franchisee buys the right to trade under the franchisor’s name and system.
私营有限公司（Ltd）：由股东拥有的企业，股东承担有限责任（仅损失其投资金额）。股份不能向公众出售。公司具有独立于所有者的法律实体。特许经营（franchise）：一种商业模式，加盟商购买以特许人名义和体系进行经营的权利。
8. Business Sectors: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary | 行业分类：第一、第二、第三产业
The primary sector involves extracting raw materials from the earth or sea, such as farming, fishing, mining, and forestry.
第一产业涉及从地面或海洋中提取原材料，如农业、渔业、采矿业和林业。
The secondary sector is manufacturing and construction—taking raw materials and turning them into finished or semi-finished goods. Examples: car factories, house building, food processing.
第二产业是制造业和建筑业——将原材料转化为成品或半成品。例子：汽车工厂、房屋建造、食品加工。
The tertiary sector provides services rather than goods. This includes retail, banking, transport, healthcare, education, and tourism. Developed economies have a larger tertiary sector share.
第三产业提供服务而非商品。这包括零售、银行、交通、医疗、教育和旅游业。发达经济体第三产业占比更大。
9. Key Economic Terms for Business | 商业中的关键经济术语
Demand: the quantity of a product that customers are willing and able to buy at different prices. Supply: the quantity that producers are willing and able to offer for sale.
需求（demand）：顾客在不同价格下愿意并能够购买的产品数量。供给（supply）：生产者愿意并能够提供的销售数量。
Interest rate: the cost of borrowing money or the reward for saving, expressed as a percentage. Higher interest rates can reduce consumer spending and business investment.
利率（interest rate）：借款成本或储蓄回报，以百分比表示。较高的利率会减少消费者支出和企业投资。
Inflation: a sustained rise in the general price level of goods and services over time, reducing the purchasing power of money.
通货膨胀（inflation）：商品和服务总体价格水平持续上涨，降低货币购买力。
Exchange rate: the value of one currency in terms of another. It affects import and export prices.
汇率（exchange rate）：一种货币以另一种货币表示的价值。它影响进出口价格。
Published by TutorHao | Year 8 商务 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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