Year 8 SQA Business: Glossary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Year 8 SQA 商务：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 8 SQA Business: Glossary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Year 8 SQA 商务：词汇术语速记指南

Welcome to your essential quick-reference guide for key business terms aligned with the Year 8 SQA curriculum. A strong business vocabulary helps you explain ideas clearly, tackle exam questions with confidence and begin to think like a real entrepreneur. Use this glossary to memorise definitions, spot connections between concepts and build revision notes that really stick.

欢迎使用这份紧扣 Year 8 SQA 课程的核心商务术语速记指南。扎实的商务词汇能帮助你清晰阐述观点，自信应对试题，并像真正的企业家一样思考。请借助此词汇表熟记定义，发现概念间的联系，并整理出真正牢固的复习笔记。

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1. Business Foundations | 商业基础

Goods: Physical, tangible products that can be seen and touched, such as food, clothes, furniture and electronics. Businesses manufacture, distribute or sell goods to satisfy consumer needs and wants. A car is a good because you can physically own it.

商品：指看得见、摸得着的实物产品，如食品、服装、家具和电子产品。企业通过制造、分销或销售商品来满足消费者的需求与欲望。汽车是一件商品，因为你可以实实在在地拥有它。

Services: Intangible activities that are performed for someone else, providing a benefit without a physical product being transferred. Examples include hairdressing, banking, public transport and education. When you get a haircut, you are paying for a service, not a good.

服务：是为他人从事的无形活动，提供某种利益而无需转移实物产品。理发、银行、公共交通和教学都属于服务。当你理发时，你支付的是服务而非商品。

Needs: The essential items required for human survival — clean water, nutritious food, adequate shelter, warmth and clothing. Businesses that supply basic needs often enjoy steady demand because people will always require these essentials.

需求：指人类生存所必需的基本项目——洁净的水、营养丰富的食物、充足的住所、保暖和衣物。供给基本需求的企业通常拥有稳定的需求，因为人们永远需要这些必需品。

Wants: Desires that go beyond survival and improve quality of life, such as the latest smartphone, designer trainers, streaming subscriptions or holidays abroad. While not essential, wants drive a huge part of consumer spending and marketing activity.

欲望：是超越生存且能提升生活品质的愿望，例如最新款智能手机、名牌运动鞋、流媒体订阅或海外度假。尽管并非生存必需，欲望却驱动着大部分消费支出和营销活动。

Quick memory tip: Think of ‘goods’ as things you can drop on your foot, and ‘services’ as something that happens around you. For needs and wants, remember that needs keep you alive; wants make life enjoyable.

速记小贴士：把“商品”想象成能砸到脚的东西，而“服务”是围绕你发生的体验。对于需求与欲望，牢记需求让你生存，欲望让生活更愉快。

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2. Enterprise and Entrepreneurs | 企业与企业家

Enterprise: The quality of being able to spot opportunities, take calculated risks and turn ideas into business reality. Enterprise involves creativity, persistence and the drive to solve problems or fill gaps in the market. It is not just about making money — it is about adding value and bringing new ideas to life.

企业精神：指能够发现机遇、承担经过计算的风险并将创意转化为商业现实的特质。企业精神包含创造力、毅力和解决问题或填补市场空白的动力，不仅关乎赚钱，更在于创造价值并将新想法付诸实践。

Entrepreneur: An individual who sets up a business, bearing the financial risks in the hope of making a profit. Entrepreneurs combine resources — labour, capital, land and materials — to produce goods or services. Famous examples like Sir Tom Hunter remind us that Scotland has a proud entrepreneurial heritage.

企业家：创办企业并承担财务风险以期获利的人。企业家将劳动力、资本、土地及原材料等资源组合起来以生产商品或提供服务。苏格兰拥有自豪的企业家传统，如 Tom Hunter 爵士就是典型代表。

Business idea: A concept around which a product or service can be developed. Good business ideas typically solve a problem, improve an existing solution or cater to an under-served segment of the market. Generating ideas is the birth of every startup.

商业创意：围绕其可以开发产品或服务的构想。优秀的商业创意通常能解决问题、改进现有方案或满足服务不足的市场细分。创意产生是每一家初创企业的起点。

Adding value: The process of increasing the worth of a product by transforming inputs or enhancing design, branding or convenience so that customers are willing to pay more than the cost of raw materials. Turning plain flour, eggs and sugar into a beautifully packaged cake adds significant value.

增值：通过转化投入或提升设计、品牌形象与便利性来增加产品价值，使顾客愿意支付高于原材料成本的价格。将普通面粉、鸡蛋和糖变成一个包装精美的蛋糕，就实现了大幅增值。

Memory hook: Use ‘E³’ — Enterprise is the spark, Entrepreneur is the person, and the Business idea is the blueprint. To remember adding value, picture a sandcastle becoming a glass sculpture — the materials are similar but the value skyrockets.

记忆钩子：运用“E³”——企业精神是火花，企业家是行动者，商业创意是蓝图。要记住增值，可以想象沙堡变成玻璃雕塑——材料相似但价值飙升。

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3. Marketing Essentials | 营销基础

Marketing: The full range of activities a business uses to identify, anticipate and satisfy customer needs profitably. It goes well beyond advertising — marketing includes product design, pricing, choosing distribution channels and creating a strong brand identity. The aim is to make the right product available in the right place at the right price.

营销：企业为识别、预测并盈利性地满足客户需求而采取的全部活动。它远不止广告，还包括产品设计、定价、选择分销渠道和打造强大品牌形象。目标是让合适的产品在合适的地点以合适的价格出现。

Market research: The systematic gathering, recording and analysis of information about customers, competitors and market trends. Primary research collects brand-new data (surveys, interviews), while secondary research uses existing information (reports, internet articles). It reduces the risk of launching an unwanted product.

市场调研：系统性地收集、记录并分析有关客户、竞争对手与市场趋势的信息。初级调研收集全新数据（问卷、访谈），次级调研利用既有信息（报告、网络文章）。它降低了推出无人问津产品的风险。

Target market: The specific group of consumers a business aims its products at, defined by characteristics such as age, gender, income, hobbies or location. A skateboard brand might choose 12–20-year-olds interested in street sports as its target market. Knowing the target market makes marketing spending far more effective.

目标市场：企业将产品瞄准的特定消费群体，由年龄、性别、收入、爱好或地点等特征界定。滑板品牌可能选择对街头运动感兴趣的 12–20 岁群体作为目标市场。明确目标市场能极大提高营销支出的效率。

Brand: A unique name, logo, symbol or design that distinguishes a business’s products from competitors. A strong brand builds trust, encourages loyalty and can even allow a business to charge premium prices. Think of the instant recognition of the Nike ‘swoosh’ or Apple’s bitten apple.

品牌：用于区分企业产品与竞争者的独特名称、标志、符号或设计。强大的品牌建立信任，激励忠诚度，甚至能让企业收取更高的价格。想想耐克“勾”形标志或苹果被咬的苹果带来的即刻辨识度。

Memory aid: Think of a marketing funnel — market research discovers what customers want, target market narrows the focus, marketing mixes the 4Ps to reach them, and the brand keeps them coming back.

记忆辅助：想象一个营销漏斗——市场调研发现客户想要什么，目标市场锁定焦点，营销组合用 4P 触及他们，品牌则让他们重复回头。

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4. Finance and Money | 财务与资金

Finance: The management of a business’s money, covering where funds come from (sources of finance) and how they are spent. Sources can include personal savings, bank loans, government grants, or retained profit. Effective financial management ensures the business can pay its bills, invest in growth and survive unexpected downturns.

财务：对企业资金的管理，涵盖资金来源（融资渠道）及资金使用方式。来源可包括个人储蓄、银行贷款、政府补助金或留存利润。有效的财务管理确保企业能支付账单、投资增长并安然度过意外低迷。

Budget: A forward-looking financial plan that forecasts income and expenditure over a set period, usually a year. By comparing actual figures against the budget, managers can spot overspending and adjust quickly. Budgeting is a vital tool for controlling costs and planning for the future.

预算：一种前瞻性财务计划，预测一段时期内（通常一年）的收入与支出。通过将实际数据与预算对比，管理者能发现超支并及时调整。预算是控制成本和规划未来的重要工具。

Cash flow: The movement of money into (inflows) and out of (outflows) a business. Inflows come from sales, investments or loans; outflows go on wages, stock and rent. A healthy business maintains positive net cash flow — more money coming in than going out — or it may face insolvency.

现金流：资金流入与流出的动态。流入来自销售、投资或贷款；流出用于工资、库存和租金。健康企业须保持净现金流为正——流入大于流出——否则可能面临破产。

Quick analogy: Think of a business’s cash flow like water in a bath — the taps are inflows and the plughole is outflows. If the plughole drains faster than the taps fill, the bath runs dry. Keep more taps open!

速记类比：将企业现金流想作浴缸中的水——水龙头代表流入，排水孔代表流出。若排水快过注水，浴缸就会干涸。多开几个水龙头！

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5. Costs, Revenue and Profit | 成本、收入与利润

Revenue: The total income a business generates from selling goods or services, before any costs are subtracted. It is sometimes called turnover or sales revenue. Revenue does not represent profit — it is simply the money arriving from customers.

营收：企业在扣除任何成本之前通过销售商品或服务获得的全部收入，有时也称营业额或销售收入。营收不代表利润——它只是从顾客那里收到的钱。

Revenue = Selling price per unit × Quantity sold

营收 = 单位售价 × 销售数量

Fixed costs: Costs that stay the same regardless of how many units a business produces or sells. Examples include rent, insurance, annual software licences and managers’ salaries. Even if output temporarily stops, fixed costs must still be paid.

固定成本：无论产量或销量如何均保持不变的成本。例如租金、保险、年度软件许可费和管理人员薪酬。即使生产暂时停止，固定成本也须支付。

Variable costs: Costs that rise and fall directly with output. Raw materials, packaging, factory electricity by usage and piece-rate wages are common examples. If a bakery makes more cakes, it uses more flour — so variable costs increase.

可变成本：随产量直接增减的成本。原材料、包装、随用量变化的工厂电费及计件工资是常见例子。如果面包店制作更多蛋糕，面粉用量增加，可变成本就上升。

Total costs = Fixed costs + Variable costs

总成本 = 固定成本 + 可变成本

Profit: The positive difference between total revenue and total costs. It is the primary motive for most businesses and can be reinvested or distributed to owners.

利润：总收入超出总成本的正差额，是多数企业的主要动力，可用于再投资或分配给所有者。

Profit = Revenue – Total costs

利润 = 营收 – 总成本

Published by TutorHao | Year 8 商务 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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