📚 Year 8 SQA Engineering: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | Year 8 SQA 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Engineering brings together science, mathematics, and creativity to solve real-world problems. In Year 8 SQA Engineering, mastering the correct vocabulary is essential for understanding concepts, communicating design ideas, and staying safe in the workshop. This quick guide provides clear, bilingual definitions of key terms you will encounter, helping you memorise them faster and build confidence in the subject.
工程学融合了科学、数学和创造力来解决现实问题。在Year 8 SQA工程课程中，掌握正确的专业词汇对于理解概念、交流设计思路以及确保车间安全至关重要。本速记指南提供了你将遇到的关键术语的清晰中英双语定义，助你更快记忆，建立学科自信。
1. Forces and Motion | 力和运动
Force: A force is a push or pull that acts on an object, capable of causing it to start moving, stop, speed up, slow down, change direction, or change shape. Force is a vector quantity, so it has both magnitude and direction. It is measured in newtons (N) using a newton meter.
力： 力是作用在物体上的推或拉，能使物体开始运动、停止、加速、减速、改变方向或变形。力是矢量，既有大小也有方向。力用测力计以牛顿(N)为单位测量。
Newton (N): The SI unit of force. One newton is defined as the force needed to accelerate a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one metre per second squared (1 N = 1 kg·m/s²). It is named after Sir Isaac Newton, whose laws of motion govern how forces affect movement.
牛顿(N)： 国际单位制中力的单位。1牛顿的定义是使1千克质量产生1米/秒²加速度所需的力(1 N = 1 kg·m/s²)。它以艾萨克·牛顿爵士命名，他的运动定律描述了力如何影响运动。
F = m × a
Friction: Friction is the resistive force that opposes motion or attempted motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be useful, such as when it allows car tyres to grip the road, or wasteful, generating heat and causing wear. Static friction acts on objects that are not moving, while sliding (kinetic) friction acts during movement.
摩擦： 摩擦是阻碍两个接触表面之间相对运动或相对运动趋势的力。它可能有益（如使轮胎抓地），也可能浪费能量（产生热量、引起磨损）。静摩擦作用于静止物体，滑动（动）摩擦在运动中产生作用。
Mass & Weight: Mass is the amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg), and it does not change with location. Weight is the force exerted on that mass by gravity, measured in newtons (N). Your mass is the same on the Moon, but your weight is only about one-sixth as much because lunar gravity is weaker.
质量与重量： 质量是物体所含物质的量，以千克(kg)为单位，不随位置改变。重量是重力对质量施加的力，以牛顿(N)为单位。你在月球上的质量与地球上相同，但体重只有约六分之一，因为月球引力较弱。
2. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其特性
Tensile Strength: The maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking or permanently deforming. Engineers select materials with high tensile strength, such as steel or carbon fibre, for bridges, cables and aircraft components to ensure they can handle heavy loads without failing.
抗拉强度： 材料在被拉伸或拉断或永久变形前所能承受的最大应力。工程师为桥梁、缆绳和飞机部件选用高抗拉强度材料（如钢或碳纤维），确保它们能承受重载而不失效。
Hardness: The resistance of a material to indentation, scratching, or abrasion. It is often measured using tests such as the Mohs scale or the Brinell test. Hard materials like tungsten carbide are used for cutting tools, while softer materials like lead are easily shaped.
硬度： 材料抵抗压痕、划伤或磨损的能力。通常用莫氏硬度或布氏硬度试验测定。碳化钨等硬材料用于切削刀具，而铅等软材料容易成形。
Ductility: The ability of a material to be drawn into thin wire without fracturing. Copper is highly ductile, which is why it is widely used in electrical cables. Gold is so ductile that a single gram can be drawn into a thread over two kilometres long.
延展性： 材料被拉成细丝而不断裂的能力。铜具有高延展性，因此广泛用于电缆。金的延展性极强，1克金可以拉制成超过两千米长的细丝。
Malleability: The capacity of a material to be hammered, rolled, or pressed into thin sheets without cracking. Most metals are malleable; aluminium foil and gold leaf are everyday examples. Malleability allows sheet metal to be formed into car body panels and cans.
可锻性： 材料能被锤击、压延或挤压成薄片而不破裂的能力。大多数金属都具有可锻性，日常例子有铝箔和金箔。可锻性使金属薄板能被加工成汽车车身面板和易拉罐。
3. Mechanical Systems | 机械系统
Lever: A simple machine comprising a rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point called the fulcrum. By positioning the fulcrum, effort, and load appropriately, a lever can provide mechanical advantage, making it easier to lift, cut, or move objects. Scissors, wheelbarrows, and crowbars are all levers.
杠杆： 一种简单机械，由一根刚性杆绕固定支点（支点）转动组成。通过恰当安排支点、动力和负载的位置，杠杆可以提供机械效益，使抬起、切割或移动物体更加省力。剪刀、手推车和撬棍都是杠杆。
Fulcrum: The fixed pivot around which a lever rotates. The distance between the fulcrum and the load or effort affects the mechanical advantage. In a pair of scissors, the rivet joining the two blades acts as the fulcrum, and moving the paper closer to the pivot makes it easier to cut.
支点： 杠杆旋转所围绕的固定枢轴。支点与负载或动力的距离影响机械效益。在剪刀中，连接两片刀刃的铆钉充当支点；将纸张靠近转轴会使其更容易剪开。
Mechanical Advantage: The ratio of the output force (load) to the input force (effort). A mechanical advantage greater than 1 means the machine multiplies the applied force. It can be calculated as Mechanical Advantage = Load ÷ Effort. Ramps and pulleys also provide mechanical advantage.
机械效益： 输出力（负载）与输入力（动力）的比值。机械效益大于1表示机器放大了所施加的力。计算公式为机械效益 = 负载 ÷ 动力。斜面和滑轮也能提供机械效益。
Gear: A toothed wheel that meshes with another to transmit rotational motion and torque. Driving a smaller gear with a larger one increases speed but decreases torque, while the opposite arrangement increases torque. Gears in a bicycle allow the rider to adjust pedalling effort for climbing hills or cruising on flat roads.
齿轮： 带齿的轮子，与另一齿轮啮合以传递旋转运动和扭矩。大齿轮驱动小齿轮可提高转速但减小扭矩，反之则增大扭矩。自行车上的齿轮让骑行者能调节蹬踏力，以适应爬坡或平路巡航。
4. Electrical Circuits and Components | 电路与元件
Voltage (V): The electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V). It is analogous to the pressure pushing electric charge through a conductor. A battery provides a steady voltage source, while a dynamo generates varying voltage.
电压(V)： 电路中两点之间的电位差，以伏特(V)为单位。它类似于推动电荷穿过导体的压力。电池提供稳定电压源，发电机则产生变化的电压。
Current (I): The flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). In a metal wire, current consists of moving electrons. Conventional current direction is defined as the direction positive charge would flow, opposite to the electron flow. An ammeter is used to measure current in a circuit.
电流(I)： 电荷的流动，以安培(A)为单位。在金属导线中，电流由运动的电子构成。常规电流方向定义为正电荷流动的方向，与电子流动方向相反。用电流表测量电路中的电流。
Resistance (R): The opposition to current flow within a material or component, measured in ohms (Ω). High resistance limits current and can convert electrical energy into heat. Resistors are components designed to provide a precise amount of resistance to control circuits.
电阻(R)： 材料或元件对电流流动的阻碍，以欧姆(Ω)为单位。高电阻限制电流，并可将电能转化为热量。电阻器是为提供精确阻值以控制电路而设计的元件。
V = I × R
Series & Parallel Circuits: In a series circuit, components are connected end to end, so the same current flows through each one. If one component fails, the whole circuit breaks. In a parallel circuit, components are connected across multiple branches, providing separate paths for current; each branch receives the full voltage, and a single failure does not break the whole circuit.
串联与并联电路： 串联电路中，元件首尾相连，每个元件流过相同电流；一个元件故障会导致整个电路断路。并联电路中，元件连接在多个支路上，为电流提供独立路径；每条支路获得全部电压，单个故障不会使整个电路中断。
5. Energy and Power | 能量与功率
Kinetic Energy: The energy an object possesses due to its motion. It depends on mass and speed: heavier or faster objects have greater kinetic energy. Any moving vehicle, a spinning flywheel, or flowing water all store kinetic energy. It is measured in joules (J).
动能： 物体因运动而具有的能量。它取决于质量和速度：越重或越快的物体动能越大。任何运动的车辆、旋转的飞轮或流动的水都
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