Year 8 SQA Music: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 8 SQA 音乐：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 8 SQA Music: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 8 SQA 音乐：公式定理速查手册

This compact handbook collects the most important formulas, rules and quick-check references for Year 8 SQA Music. Keep it handy while you learn about note values, time signatures, scales, intervals and chords – every concept is broken down into a clear, memorisable pattern.

这本速查手册汇集了 Year 8 SQA 音乐课程中最重要的公式、规则与快速查阅要点。在你学习音符时值、拍号、音阶、音程与和弦的过程中随时翻阅，每个概念都浓缩为清晰易记的模式。

1. Note Values and British Names | 音符时值与英式名称

In the SQA syllabus, you must recognise the standard British note lengths. The semibreve is the longest common note, the crotchet the usual one‑beat pulse, and the quaver and semiquaver create faster rhythms.

在 SQA 教学大纲中，你必须识别标准的英式音符长度。全音符是最长的常用音符，四分音符通常代表一拍，八分音符与十六分音符构成更快的节奏。

Semibreve = 2 Minims = 4 Crotchets = 8 Quavers = 16 Semiquavers

This chain shows the proportional relationship: each step to the right divides the value by two, while moving left multiplies by two. You can use it to work out any rhythm pyramid.

这条等式显示了比例关系：向右每一步时值减半，向左则加倍。借助它你能够推导出完整的节奏金字塔。

2. Rest Values and Dotted Notes | 休止符与附点音符

Rests have exactly the same durations as their matching notes. Learning the shape of a minim rest (sitting on the line) and a semibreve rest (hanging from the line) avoids confusion when reading scores.

休止符的时值与对应的音符完全相同。区分二分休止符（骑在线上）和全休止符（挂在线上）的写法能避免读谱时的混乱。

Dotted note = original value + half of that value

A dotted crotchet, for example, lasts 1½ beats (1 + ½). A double dot adds a further quarter of the original length. This formula works for any dotted note or rest.

例如附点四分音符持续 1½ 拍（1 + ½）。双附点则再加上原时值的四分之一。此公式适用于任何附点音符或休止符。

3. Time Signatures – Top and Bottom Numbers | 拍号 – 上方与下方数字

A time signature looks like a fraction. The bottom number tells you what kind of note counts as one beat: 4 stands for crotchet, 2 for minim, 8 for quaver. The top number shows how many beats are in each bar.

拍号看起来像分数。下方数字表示以哪种音符为一拍：4 代表四分音符，2 代表二分音符，8 代表八分音符。上方数字表示每小节有几拍。

4/4 = 4 crotchet beats 3/4 = 3 crotchet beats 2/2 = 2 minim beats

Simple time signatures have top numbers 2, 3 or 4, and each beat divides naturally into two equal parts. The pulse is felt as a steady crotchet or minim walk.

单拍子的上方数字为 2、3 或 4，每一拍自然地均分为两部分。其律动感受就像稳定的四分音符或二分音符进行。

4. Simple Time – Grouping Rules | 单拍子的音群组合规则

In simple time, notes and rests must be grouped so that each beat is visible. For 2/4, quavers are beamed in pairs; for 3/4, they are beamed in three groups of two; for 4/4, in two pairs.

在单拍子中，音符与休止符的组合必须让每拍清晰可见。2/4 拍中八分音符尾连成一对；3/4 拍中连成三组两个；4/4 拍中连成两对。

A whole bar rest is always a semibreve rest, even in 3/4. You should not use dotted rests across the middle of a 4/4 bar unless the rhythm makes the beat structure obvious.

整小节休止一律使用全休止符，即使是在 3/4 拍中也是如此。在 4/4 拍中除非节奏让拍子结构一目了然，否则不要在中间跨拍使用附点休止符。

5. Compound Time – Dotted Beat Formulas | 复拍子 – 附点节拍公式

Compound time signatures have top numbers 6, 9 or 12. Each bar contains beats that divide into three equal parts, and the main pulse is a dotted note.

复拍子的上方数字为 6、9 或 12。每小节含有的拍子均分为三等份，主要律动由附点音符给出。

6/8 = 2 dotted crotchet beats (6 quavers = 3+3)

The formula 6/8 = 2 × dotted crotchet is fundamental. Similarly, 9/8 gives three dotted‑crotchet beats, and 12/8 gives four. Always count the dotted beat, not the quaver.

公式 6/8 = 2 × 附点四分音符是基础。类似地，9/8 给出三个附点四分音符拍，12/8 给出四个。始终数附点拍，不要数八分音符。

6. Key Signatures – Sharps and Flats Order | 调号 – 升降号排列顺序

Key signatures are written after the clef. The sharps or flats follow a fixed order that never changes. Recognising this pattern helps you identify the key instantly.

调号写在谱号之后。升号或降号遵循固定不变的顺序。识记这一排列能帮你立即判断调性。

Sharps: F♯ C♯ G♯ D♯ A♯ E♯ B♯ | Flats: B♭ E♭ A♭ D♭ G♭ C♭ F♭

For Year 8, you usually work with up to four sharps (keys G, D, A, E major) and up to four flats (keys F, B♭, E♭, A♭ major). The last sharp is always the leading note of the major key.

Year 8 阶段通常用到四个升号调（G、D、A、E 大调）和四个降号调（F、B♭、E♭、A♭ 大调）。最后一个升号总是该大调的导音。

7. The Circle of Fifths – Quick Key Finding | 五度圈 – 快速定调公式

Moving clockwise around the circle of fifths, each new key adds one sharp and the tonic rises by a perfect fifth. Moving anticlockwise adds one flat and the tonic falls by a perfect fifth.

沿五度圈顺时针移动，每个新调增加一个升号，主音升高纯五度。逆时针移动则增加一个降号，主音降低纯五度。

C → G → D → A → E (sharps) C → F → B♭ → E♭ → A♭ (flats)

Use this ‘up‑five’ rule: to name the next sharp key, count up five letter names from the current tonic (C to G). For flat keys, count down five.

使用这条“上五度”规则：要说出下一个升号调，从当前主音向上数五个音名（C→G）。降号调则向下数五度。

8. Major Scale Formula – Tone–Semitone Pattern | 大调音阶公式 – 全音半音模进

Every major scale follows exactly the same sequence of tones (T) and semitones (S). If you remember the pattern, you can build any major scale from any starting note.

每个大调音阶严格遵循相同的全音（T）与半音（S）序列。记住这个模进，就能从任意起始音构建任何大调音阶。

T – T – S – T – T – T – S

In C major, the pattern gives C–D (T), D–E (T), E–F (S), F–G (T), G–A (T), A–B (T), B–C (S). For G major, raising F to F♯ keeps the same tone–semitone ladder.

在 C 大调中，这一模进产生 C–D (T)、D–E (T)、E–F (S)、F–G (T)、G–A (T)、A–B (T)、B–C (S)。G 大调则将 F 升高为 F♯，保持相同的全音半音阶梯。

9. Minor Scale Types – Three Essential Variants | 小调音阶类型 – 三个基本变体

Year 8 introduces three minor scales: natural, harmonic and melodic. They all share the same key signature as their relative major but alter specific degrees.

Year 8 介绍三种小调音阶：自然、和声与旋律小调。它们均与其关系大调共用同一调号，但会改变特定的音级。

Natural minor: T – S – T – T – S – T – T

The natural minor uses only the notes of the key signature. The harmonic minor raises the 7th degree by a semitone to create a leading note. The melodic minor raises the 6th and 7th degrees when ascending, and reverts to natural minor when descending.

自然小调仅使用调号内的音。和声小调升高第 VII 级半音以制造导音。旋律小调上行时升高第 VI 和第 VII 级，下行时还原为自然小调。

10. Interval Formulas – Counting Semitones | 音程公式 – 半音计数法

An interval is the distance between two notes. In SQA exams you often need to name intervals by quality (major, minor, perfect) using a semitone count.

音程是两个音之间的距离。SQA 考试中常需要通过半音数来定出音程的性质（大、小、纯）。

Interval	Semitones	Example
Minor 2nd	1	E–F
Major 2nd	2	C–D
Minor 3rd	3	A–C
Major 3rd	4	C–E
Perfect 4th	5	G–C
Perfect 5th	7	C–G
Octave	12	C–C’

Counting semitones is the most reliable method. Always write the number name first, then decide if the interval is major, minor or perfect.

计算半音是最可靠的方法。先写出度数，再确定是大、小还是纯音程。

11. Triad Chord Construction – Root, Third and Fifth | 三和弦构成 – 根音、三音和五音

Triads are three‑note chords built by stacking thirds. The formula uses the root, the third and the fifth above the root. Altering the third changes the chord quality.

三和弦是由三度叠置的三个音构成的和弦。公式使用根音、根音上方的三音和五音。改变三音便会改变和弦性质。

Major triad = root + major 3rd (4 semitones) + perfect 5th (7 semitones)

Minor triad = root + minor 3rd (3 semitones) + perfect 5th (7 semitones)

The most common primary triads are I, IV and V. In C major: I = C–E–G, IV = F–A–C, V = G–B–D. In A minor: i = A–C–E, iv = D–F–A, V = E–G♯–B (harmonic).

最常见的主三和弦是 I、IV 和 V 级。C 大调中：I = C–E–G，IV = F–A–C，V = G–B–D。a 和声小调中：i = A–C–E，iv = D–F–A，V = E–G♯–B。

12. Transposition Formulas – Moving Music Accurately | 移调公式 – 准确移动音乐

Transposition means shifting every note by the same interval. The formula ‘new note = old note + (or –) interval’ keeps the melody intact while changing the pitch level.

移调意味着将每个音符按相同音程移动。公式“新音 = 旧音 +（或 –）音程”能保持旋律不变而改变音高。

Transpose up a perfect 5th: add 7 semitones to every note

First, write the new key signature, then move each note up the required interval. Accidentals may need to be adjusted to keep the original pattern of tones and semitones.

首先写下新调号，然后将每个音符向上移动所需的音程。临时记号可能需要调整，以保留原有的全音半音结构。

When transposing for instruments (e.g., B♭ clarinet), remember that written C sounds as B♭. The formula for concert pitch to B♭ instrument is: write a tone higher.

为移调乐器（如降 B 调单簧管）移调时，记住书面的 C 音听起来是 B♭。从音乐会音高移为降 B 调乐器的公式是：记谱比实际音高高一个全音。

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Year 8 SQA Music: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 8 SQA 音乐：公式定理速查手册