📚 Year 8 WJEC Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 8 WJEC 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific vocabulary can feel like learning a new language. This guide breaks down the essential Year 8 WJEC biology terms into bite-sized chunks, linking each word to memorable stories, root words, and vivid analogies. By the end, you’ll not only recognise these words but truly own them, ready to ace your exams and class discussions.
掌握科学词汇有时就像在学一门新语言。这篇指南把 WJEC Year 8 生物中的核心术语切分成小块，将每个词与好记的故事、词根和生动的比喻联系起来。读完后，你不仅能认出这些词，还能真正掌握它们，轻松应对考试和课堂讨论。
1. Cell Structure | 细胞结构
Nucleus – Think of the ‘nut’ inside a cell as the bossy core, holding the genetic instructions (DNA). The word comes from Latin ‘nuculeus’, meaning little nut. Visualise a walnut in the centre of the jelly-like cytoplasm.
细胞核 – 把细胞里的 ‘核’ 想象成发号施令的核心，存放着遗传指令 (DNA)。这个词源自拉丁语 ‘nuculeus’，意思是小坚果。可以把它想象成果冻状细胞质中央的一颗核桃。
Cytoplasm – ‘Cyto-‘ means cell, and ‘-plasm’ means moulded or formed stuff. It is the jelly-like filling where chemical reactions happen. Picture slime in a jar, swirling with tiny floating specks.
细胞质 – ‘cyto-’ 表示细胞，‘-plasm’ 表示被塑形的东西。它是发生化学反应的果冻状填充物。可以想象一罐粘稠的液体，里面有微小颗粒在游动。
Cell membrane – A thin skin around the cell, like a tea bag, controlling what enters and leaves. Link ‘membrane’ to ‘member’ – a thin partition that belongs to the cell boundary.
细胞膜 – 细胞外面一层薄皮，像茶包一样控制物质进出。可以把 ‘膜’ 记成 ‘薄膜屏障’，它是细胞的边界管理员。
Mitochondria – The powerhouse. Break it: ‘mito-‘ (thread) + ‘chondrion’ (granule). They look like small bean-shaped structures, making energy. Think of ‘mighty mitochondria’ to remember their energy role.
线粒体 – 细胞的能量工厂。拆解：‘mito-’ (线) + ‘chondrion’ (颗粒)。它们像细小的豆子，制造能量。可以用 ‘力线粒体’ 来记住它的能量角色。
Chloroplast – Only in plant cells. ‘Chloro-‘ means green (from Greek ‘khloros’), ‘-plast’ means formed body. Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Visualise a tiny green solar panel inside a leaf cell.
叶绿体 – 只存在于植物细胞中。‘chloro-’ 表示绿 (源自希腊语 ‘khloros’)，‘-plast’ 表示成形体。含有叶绿素，进行光合作用。想象叶片细胞里一块微小的绿色太阳能板。
2. Life Processes (MRS GREN) | 生命过程 (MRS GREN)
The acronymn MRS GREN covers the seven life processes: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition. Try creating a silly sentence: ‘Mice Run Slowly, Giraffes Run Even Nimbler’ – the first letters serve as a mnemonic.
首字母缩写 MRS GREN 涵盖了七个生命过程：运动 (Movement)、呼吸 (Respiration)、感应 (Sensitivity)、生长 (Growth)、繁殖 (Reproduction)、排泄 (Excretion)、营养 (Nutrition)。可以编一个滑稽的句子：‘Mice Run Slowly, Giraffes Run Even Nimbler’，用首字母助记。
Respiration is not just breathing. It is the release of energy from food in all cells. Think of the word ‘spirit’ inside respiration – it gives life force.
呼吸作用不仅仅是喘气。它是所有细胞中从食物释放能量的过程。把 ‘spirit’ (精神) 藏在 respiration 里面，记住它释放生命力。
Excretion is removal of metabolic waste, not poo! (That’s egestion). Link ex- (out) + cernere (to sift). Urine, sweat, and CO₂ are excreted. Say ‘excretion extracts excess’.
排泄 是清除代谢废物，不是拉便便！(那是排遗)。词根 ex- (出) + cernere (筛选)。尿液、汗液和二氧化碳都是排泄的。记住 ‘排泄排除多余物’。
Sensitivity – detecting changes and responding. A sensitive plant’s leaves fold when touched. Connect to ‘senses’ – the five senses make organisms sensitive to the environment.
感应 – 探测变化并作出反应。敏感的植物一碰叶子就会合拢。联系到 ‘感觉’，五种感觉让生物对环境敏感。
3. Diffusion and Osmosis | 扩散与渗透
Diffusion – particles move from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Smell of perfume spreading in a room is a perfect example. The word sounds like ‘diffuse’ – to spread out. No energy needed.
扩散 – 微粒从高浓度区域移动到低浓度区域。香水味在房间里散开就是很好的例子。这个词听起来像 ‘散开’，不需要能量。
Osmosis – a special diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane. Think of ‘osmosis’ as ‘water’s own motion’. The water moves to the side with more solute, trying to even things out.
渗透 – 水通过半透膜的特殊扩散。把 ‘osmosis’ 想成 ‘水的自运动’。水会移向溶质多的一侧，试图拉平浓度。
Partially permeable membrane – a barrier that lets some molecules through but not others, like a tea strainer only allowing water and dissolved colour but not tea leaves. ‘Permeable’ relates to ‘permit’ – it permits passage.
半透膜 – 只允许某些分子通过、拒绝其他分子的屏障，就像茶滤网只让水和溶解的颜色通过，挡住茶叶。‘permeable’ 跟 ‘permit’ (允许) 有关联 – 它允许通行。
Turgid – a plant cell swollen with water, pressing against the cell wall, keeping the plant upright. ‘Turgid’ sounds like ‘tur’; imagine a sturdy swelling. Opposite is flaccid (limp).
肿胀/硬挺 – 植物细胞被水充满，压向细胞壁，让植物保持直立。发音像 ‘tur’，想象饱满鼓胀的样子。反义词是 flaccid (萎蔫)。
4. Enzymes and Digestion | 酶与消化
Enzyme – a biological catalyst that speeds up reactions without being used up. The word contains ‘zyme’ like in ‘zymurgy’ (fermentation). Enzymes are specific; each fits a substrate like a lock and key. Think ‘fast-enzyme’ (enzyme makes fast).
酶 – 一种生物催化剂，加速反应而自身不被消耗。词包含 ‘zyme’，如同 ‘zymurgy’ (酿造)。酶有专一性，每个酶与底物像锁和钥匙一样匹配。记成 ‘速酶’ 让它加速。
Substrate – the molecule an enzyme acts on. ‘Sub-‘ means under, ‘-strate’ means layer; the substance that lies under the enzyme’s action. Imagine the substrate landing on the enzyme’s active site.
底物 – 酶所作用的分子。‘sub-’ 意为下，‘-strate’ 意为层；躺在酶作用下的物质。想象底物着陆在酶的活性位点上。
Active site – the specific pocket on an enzyme where substrate binds. Think of a coin slot on a vending machine – only correct shape fits. Denaturing changes the shape so the substrate no longer fits.
活性部位 – 酶上特定的口袋，底物与之结合。像自动售货机的投币口 – 只有正确形状才插得进。变性会改变形状，底物就不再匹配了。
Amylase, Protease, Lipase – enzymes breaking down starch, protein, and fats (lipids). Mnemonic: Amy (starch), Pete (protein), Lisa (lipids). They work in different parts of the gut.
淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶 – 分别分解淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪 (脂质)。助记：Amy 分解淀粉，Pete 分解蛋白质，Lisa 分解脂类。它们在消化道不同部位工作。
5. Respiration and Gas Exchange | 呼吸与气体交换
Aerobic respiration – uses oxygen to release energy from glucose. ‘Aero’ means air. Equation: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water (+ energy). Mnemonic: ‘Air-obic needs air’.
有氧呼吸 – 利用氧气从葡萄糖释放能量。‘aero’ 意为空气。方程式：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 (+ 能量)。助记：‘有氧要靠空气’。
Anaerobic respiration – without oxygen, producing less energy and lactic acid in muscles (or ethanol in yeast). ‘An-‘ means without. Think ‘Ann is without oxygen’. Leads to oxygen debt.
无氧呼吸 – 没有氧气，产生较少能量，在肌肉中产生乳酸 (酵母中产酒精)。‘an-’ 意为无。记成 ‘安妮没有氧’。导致氧债。
Alveoli – tiny air sacs in lungs where gas exchange happens. Singular: alveolus. Looks like ‘alve-‘, like ‘alveolar’ ridge in your mouth – both have small hollows. The thin, moist walls help oxygen diffuse into blood.
肺泡 – 肺里微小的气囊，气体交换的地方。单数：alveolus。看起来像 ‘alve-’ (牙槽)，两者都有小窝。薄而湿润的壁帮助氧气扩散进血液。
Diaphragm – dome-shaped muscle that helps breathing. ‘Dia-‘ across + ‘phragm’ partition. It moves down to pull air in. Think of a drum membrane, but in the body it’s a muscular sheet.
膈肌 – 帮助呼吸的穹顶形肌肉。‘dia-’ 穿过 + ‘phragm’ 隔板。它向下运动时把空气吸进来。想象成鼓膜，但在身体里是一片肌肉隔膜。
6. Photosynthesis in Plants | 植物的光合作用
Photosynthesis – ‘photo’ (light) + ‘synthesis’ (putting together). Plants use light energy to combine carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The equation: Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen, in the presence of light and chlorophyll.
光合作用 – ‘photo’ (光) + ‘synthesis’ (合成)。植物利用光能把二氧化碳和水合成葡萄糖和氧气。方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气，需要光和叶绿素。
Chlorophyll – green pigment trapping light energy. ‘Chloro-‘ green + ‘phyll’ leaf. It is located inside chloroplasts. Without it, no photosynthesis. Say ‘fill with chlorophyll’ to remember why leaves are filled green.
叶绿素 – 捕获光能的绿色色素。‘chloro-’ 绿 + ‘phyll’ 叶。位于叶绿体内。没有它，光合作用无法进行。记成 ‘绿叶充满叶绿素’。
Stomata – tiny pores on leaf underside for gas exchange. Singular: stoma. It looks like tiny ‘stomach’ mouths on leaves letting air in and out. Guard cells open and close them.
气孔 – 叶下表面的微小开口，用于气体交换。单数：stoma。看起来像叶子上的微小 ‘嘴巴’ (stomach 的联想)，让空气进出。保卫细胞控制其开闭。
Limiting factor – something that slows down photosynthesis when in short supply, e.g., light, CO₂, or temperature. Picture a three-legged stool; if one leg is short, the whole process stumbles.
限制因素 – 供应不足时减缓光合作用的因素，如光、二氧化碳或温度。想象一张三条腿的凳子，一条腿短了，整个过程就摇摇晃晃。
7. Reproduction Key Terms | 繁殖关键术语
Gamete – a sex cell (sperm or egg). ‘Gamete’ comes from Greek ‘gametes’ meaning husband, ‘gamete’ wife – they unite. Haploid cells contain half the normal chromosomes. Remember ‘game of life’ starts when gametes meet.
配子 – 性细胞 (精子或卵子)。来自希腊语 ‘gametes’ (丈夫) 和 ‘gamete’ (妻子) – 它们结合。单倍体细胞，含有正常一半的染色体。记住 ‘生命游戏’ 从配子相遇开始。
Fertilisation – fusion of gametes to form a zygote. ‘Fertile’ means fruitful. Think of a fertiliser making soil rich; here it makes a new life. In plants, pollen (male gamete) fuses with ovule.
受精 – 配子融合形成受精卵 (zygote)。‘fertile’ 意为肥沃多产的。想到肥料让土壤肥沃；这里它创造新生命。在植物中，花粉 (雄性配子) 与胚珠融合。
Pollination – transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. Insect-pollinated flowers are colourful and scented; wind-pollinated ones are dull. ‘Pollen’ plus ‘nation’ spread the nation of pollen.
传粉 – 花粉从花药传到柱头。虫媒花鲜艳有香味；风媒花暗淡。‘pollen’ + ‘nation’ (传播花粉王国)。
Menstrual cycle – monthly preparation of the uterus lining. Ovulation releases an egg. If not fertilised, lining sheds (period). The cycle roughly lasts 28 days. Mnemonic: ‘menstrual’ sounds like ‘monthly’.
月经周期 – 每月子宫内膜的准备过程。排卵释放一个卵子。如果未受精，内膜脱落 (月经)。周期大约 28 天。助记：‘menstrual’ 听起来像 ‘monthly’ (每月)。
8. Ecology and Habitats | 生态与栖息地
Ecosystem – a community of living organisms interacting with their non-living environment. ‘Eco-‘ house, ‘system’ organised whole. Think of a pond: water, plants, fish, snails all linked.
生态系统 – 生物群落与其非生物环境相互作用的整体。‘eco-’ 家，‘system’ 系统。想象一个池塘：水、植物、鱼、蜗牛全都有联系。
Habitat – the natural home of an organism. ‘Habit’ is where you habitually live. A cactus habitat is dry desert; a frog’s habitat is damp pond edge.
栖息地 – 生物的自然家园。‘habit’ (习惯) 是你习惯生活的地方。仙人掌的栖息地是干燥沙漠；青蛙的栖息地是潮湿的池塘边。
Population – all organisms of the same species living in an area. Example: all the daisies in a field. Community is all populations together. Population counts are done using quadrats.
种群 – 生活在一个区域的所有同种生物。例如：一片草地中的所有雏菊。群落是所有种群的总和。统计种群数量可使用样方。
Adaptation – a feature that helps an organism survive. Camels have humps (fat store), wide feet (sand), long eyelashes. The word comes from ‘ad’ (to) + ‘apt’ (fit) – to fit the environment.
适应 – 帮助生物生存的特征。骆驼有驼峰 (脂肪储备)、宽脚 (沙地)、长睫毛。词源 ‘ad’ (向) + ‘apt’ (适合) – 适应环境。
9. Food Chains and Webs | 食物链与食物网
Producer – an organism that makes its own food via photosynthesis, like green plants. They start every food chain. The word ‘producer’ is like a film producer who brings resources to the set.
生产者 – 通过光合作用自制食物的生物，如绿色植物。它们是每条食物链的开端。‘producer’ 就像电影制片人，给片场带来资源。
Consumer – something that eats other organisms. Primary consumers eat plants (herbivores); secondary consumers eat herbivores. ‘Consume’ means eat, use up. Top consumers are apex predators.
消费者 – 吃其他生物的生物。初级消费者吃植物 (食草动物)；次级消费者吃食草动物。‘consume’ 意为吃掉、消耗。顶级消费者是顶级捕食者。
Decomposer – organisms like bacteria and fungi that break down dead matter, recycling nutrients. ‘De-‘ down + ‘compose’ to make up – they take things apart. Earthworms and woodlice help too.
分解者 – 像细菌和真菌这类分解死物质、循环养分的生物。‘de-’ 向下 + ‘compose’ 组成 – 它们把大块拆解。蚯蚓和潮虫也有帮助。
Food web – a network of interconnected food chains showing the many feeding relationships. Compared to a spider web, if one strand breaks, others may still hold, but too many breaks collapse the web.
食物网 – 由相互联系的食物链组成的网络，显示多种摄食关系。比作蜘蛛网，一根丝断了，其他的还能维持，但断太多整个网就塌了。
10. Microbes and Disease | 微生物与疾病
Pathogen – a microorganism that causes disease. ‘Patho-‘ suffering + ‘-gen’ producer. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists can be pathogens. Think of a ‘pathetic generator’ of illness.
病原体 – 引起疾病的微生物。‘patho-’ 痛苦 + ‘-gen’ 产生者。细菌、病毒、真菌和原生生物都可能成为病原体。想象一个 ‘痛苦发生器’。
Antibiotic – a medicine that kills bacteria but not viruses. ‘Anti-‘ against + ‘biotic’ life. Penicillin is a famous example. Overuse can lead to antibiotic resistance. Don’t use for a cold (viral).
抗生素 – 杀死细菌但对病毒无效的药物。‘anti-’ 对抗 + ‘biotic’ 生命。青霉素是著名例子。滥用会导致抗生素耐药性。感冒 (病毒) 不要用抗生素。
Vaccination – introducing a harmless form of a pathogen to stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies and memory cells. From ‘vacca’ meaning cow (first vaccine from cowpox). Provides immunity.
疫苗接种 – 引入无害的病原体形式，刺激白细胞产生抗体和记忆细胞。源自 ‘vacca’ (牛)，最初牛痘疫苗。提供免疫力。
White blood cell – part of the immune system. Two types: phagocytes engulf pathogens, lymphocytes produce antibodies. Phagocyte sounds like ‘fago-sight’ – cell that sights and eats invaders.
白细胞 – 免疫系统的一部分。两种类型：吞噬细胞吞没病原体，淋巴细胞产生抗体。吞噬细胞 (phagocyte) 像 ‘发现-吞掉’ 的细胞，发现入侵者就吃掉。
Herd immunity – when enough people are vaccinated, the disease can’t spread easily, protecting even the unvaccinated. Imagine a herd of zebras – many stripes confuse the lion (virus).
群体免疫 – 足够多的人接种疫苗后，疾病不易传播，甚至未接种者也受保护。想象一群斑马 – 众多条纹迷惑狮子 (病毒)。
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