Term Memorisation Guide for Year 10 Edexcel Psychology | Year 10 Edexcel心理学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Term Memorisation Guide for Year 10 Edexcel Psychology | Year 10 Edexcel心理学：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the technical vocabulary of Edexcel GCSE Psychology is half the battle. This guide breaks down the most important Year 10 terms across Research Methods, Memory, Perception, Development, and Social Influence, pairing every definition with a memorable trick or hook. Use these quick mnemonics and associations to lock the terminology into your long-term memory well before the exam.

掌握Edexcel GCSE心理学的专业术语是成功的一半。这份指南将Year 10最关键的术语分解在研究方法、记忆、知觉、发展和社会影响等主题中，并为每个定义搭配了难忘的口诀或联想。利用这些快速记忆法，在大考前把术语牢牢锁进你的长时记忆。

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1. Research Methods: Core Variables | 研究方法：核心变量

Independent Variable (IV) – The variable that the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates to see if it causes an effect on the dependent variable. Tip: ‘I’ for ‘I manipulate’, so IV is the one you alter on purpose.

自变量 (IV) – 研究者有意改变或操控的变量，用于观察它是否对因变量产生影响。记忆技巧：’I’ 代表 ‘我动手操控’，所以IV就是你主动改变的变量。

Dependent Variable (DV) – The variable that is measured; its value might depend on changes made to the IV. Tip: ‘D’ for ‘data collected’ or ‘dependable outcome’.

因变量 (DV) – 被测量的变量；它的数值可能取决于自变量的变化。记忆技巧：’D’ 代表 ‘被收集的数据’，或者 ‘依赖的结果’。

Extraneous Variable (EV) – Any variable other than the IV that could affect the DV if not controlled. Tip: EV = ‘extra’ unwanted variable that can mess up your experiment.

额外变量 (EV) – 除了自变量之外任何可能影响因变量的变量，如果不加以控制就会产生干扰。记忆技巧：EV就是实验中’额外的捣乱分子’。

Operationalisation – The process of clearly defining the IV and DV so they can be accurately manipulated or measured. Tip: Think of ‘operation’ – you are making the variable operational, ready to work.

操作化 – 清楚定义自变量和因变量的过程，使它们能被准确操控或测量。记忆技巧：想象对变量做’手术操作’，让它变得可测量、可操作。

Standardisation – Keeping the procedure exactly the same for all participants to avoid situational extraneous variables. Tip: ‘Standard’ means the same for everyone, like a standard answer key.

标准化 – 让所有参与者经历完全相同的实验程序，以避免情境性额外变量的影响。记忆技巧：像标准答案一样，对每个人都一致。

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2. Hypotheses and Aims | 假设与研究目标

Aim – A general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate. It is not a prediction, just the purpose.

研究目标 – 研究者想要探究什么的概括性陈述。它不是预测，只是研究的目的。

Experimental (Alternative) Hypothesis – A clear, testable prediction stating that the IV will have an effect on the DV. Tip: ‘Alternative’ because it offers an alternative to the dull null.

实验假设（备择假设） – 一个明确、可检验的预测，指出自变量会对因变量产生影响。记忆技巧：之所以叫’备择’，因为它为枯燥的零假设提供了一个替代选择。

Null Hypothesis – A prediction stating that the IV will have no significant effect on the DV; any difference is due to chance. Tip: ‘Null’ sounds like ‘nil’ – nothing happens.

零假设 – 预测自变量对因变量没有显著影响；任何差异均由偶然因素造成。记忆技巧：’零’ 即 ‘零影响’，一切归零。

Directional Hypothesis (one-tailed) – Predicts the specific direction of the effect, e.g. ‘participants will recall more words in silence than in noise’. Tip: It points one way, like a one-way sign.

方向性假设（单尾） – 预测了效应的具体方向，例如’在安静条件下被试回忆的词比在噪音条件下多’。记忆技巧：像一个单行箭头，只指一个方向。

Non-directional Hypothesis (two-tailed) – Predicts that the IV will have an effect, but does not state the direction. Tip: ‘Non’ means no arrow; it just says there will be a difference.

非方向性假设（双尾） – 预测自变量会有效应，但不说明方向。记忆技巧：没有箭头，只说会有差异。

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3. Experimental Design and Controls | 实验设计及控制

Independent Groups Design – Different participants are used in each condition of the IV. Tip: Think of two independent teams that never meet.

独立组设计 – 自变量的每一种条件都使用不同的参与者组别。记忆技巧：就像两支互不往来的独立队伍。

Repeated Measures Design – The same participants take part in all conditions of the IV. Tip: ‘Repeated’ because they keep coming back, like a repeated song on a playlist.

重复测量设计 – 同一批参与者接受自变量的所有条件。记忆技巧：’重复’意味着他们反复参加，就像歌单里循环播放的曲子。

Matched Pairs Design – Participants are matched on key characteristics (e.g. age, IQ) and then one from each pair goes to a different condition. Tip: They are paired like socks – similar but split into different drawers.

配对组设计 – 参与者在关键特征上（如年龄、智力）进行配对，每对中的一人分配到一种条件。记忆技巧：像一对袜子，相似但分开放进不同的抽屉。

Order Effects – In repeated measures, boredom or practice from doing the same tasks can influence the DV. Tip: Order matters – first you are fresh, then tired.

顺序效应 – 在重复测量中，反复做相同任务带来的疲劳或练习效应会影响因变量。记忆技巧：顺序一改变，刚开始精力充沛，后来就累了。

Counterbalancing – A technique to control order effects by changing the order of conditions for half the participants. Tip: Think of balancing a seesaw – AB then BA.

平衡抵消法 – 通过让一半参与者接受A-B顺序，另一半接受B-A顺序来控制顺序效应的技巧。记忆技巧：像保持跷跷板平衡，AB、BA轮流来。

Random Allocation – Participants are put into conditions purely by chance (e.g. names in a hat) to reduce participant variables. Tip: ‘Random’ like a lottery draw.

随机分配 – 完全按偶然因素（如抽签）将参与者分入不同条件，以减少参与者变量。记忆技巧：如同彩票抽奖，全凭运气。

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4. Sampling Techniques | 抽样方法

Random Sample – Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected. Tip: True lottery – no bias.

随机抽样 – 目标总体中的每个成员都有同等被选中的机会。记忆技巧：真正的抽奖，毫无偏见。

Opportunity Sample – Recruiting people who happen to be available and willing, e.g. students in the corridor. Tip: Seize the chance – whoever walks past.

机会抽样 – 招募恰好出现并愿意参与的人，例如走廊里的学生。记忆技巧：抓住碰巧走过的机会。

Stratified Sample – The population is divided into subgroups (strata), and a proportional random sample is drawn from each. Tip: ‘Stratified’ like layers of a cake – you take a slice from each layer.

分层抽样 – 将总体分成若干层，从每层中按比例随机抽取样本。记忆技巧：就像蛋糕的层层结构，从每一层切一小块。

Volunteer Sample – Participants self-select by responding to an advert or sign-up sheet. Tip: Volunteers raise their hands – often a motivated but biased group.

自愿抽样 – 参与者看到广告或招募海报后主动报名。记忆技巧：志愿者举手参与，积极性高但可能有偏差。

Sample Bias – When the chosen sample does not accurately represent the target population, affecting generalisability. Tip: A biased sample skews the truth.

样本偏差 – 所选取的样本不能准确代表目标总体，从而影响概括性。记忆技巧：有偏差的样本会扭曲真相。

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5. The Multi-Store Model of Memory | 多存储记忆模型

Sensory Register (SR) – The initial storage system for information entering via the senses, with a huge capacity but very brief duration (<1 second). Tip: Think of a snapshot that fades almost instantly.

感觉登记器 – 信息通过感官进入的第一个存储系统，容量巨大但保持时间极短（不足1秒）。记忆技巧：像一张几乎立刻褪色的快照。

Attention – The process that transfers information from the sensory register to short-term memory. Tip: If you don’t pay attention, the snapshot disappears.

注意 – 将信息从感觉登记器传送至短时记忆的过程。记忆技巧：不集中注意，快照就永远消失了。

Short-Term Memory (STM) – Temporary store with a limited capacity of 7±2 items and a duration of around 18–30 seconds unless rehearsed. Tip: ‘Short’ – you can just about hold a phone number.

短时记忆 (STM) – 暂时存储系统，容量有限，约7±2个项目，持续约18-30秒，除非进行复述。记忆技巧：’短’到你刚好记住一个电话号码。

Rehearsal – Repeating information to keep it in STM and, if rehearsed enough, transfer it to long-term memory. Tip: Like rehearsing lines for a play – repeat until it sticks.

复述 – 重复信息使其保持在短时记忆中，如果复述足够充分，则可转入长时记忆。记忆技巧：就像反复排练台词，直到记住。

Long-Term Memory (LTM) – A permanent store with potentially unlimited capacity and duration; memories are coded semantically. Tip: Lasting memory that can last a lifetime.

长时记忆 (LTM) – 永久性存储，容量和持续时间几乎无限；信息主要以语义形式编码。记忆技巧：可以持续一生的记忆。

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6. Types of Long-Term Memory | 长时记忆的类型

Episodic Memory – LTM for personal experiences and events, tagged with time and place. Tip: ‘Episodes’ of your life, like a personal Netflix series.

情节记忆 – 关于个人经历和事件的长时记忆，带有时间和地点标记。记忆技巧：你人生的’情节’连续剧，像专属网飞剧集。

Semantic Memory – LTM for facts, meanings and knowledge about the world, e.g. capital cities. Tip: ‘Semantics’ deals with meaning – your mental encyclopaedia.

语义记忆 – 关于事实、意义和世界知识的长时记忆，例如首都名称。记忆技巧：’语义’关乎意义，你的脑中百科全书。

Procedural Memory – LTM for skills and actions, often without conscious recall, e.g. riding a bike. Tip: ‘Procedures’ you follow without thinking – muscle memory.

程序性记忆 – 关于技能和动作的长时记忆，通常无需意识回忆，例如骑自行车。记忆技巧：不需思考就能执行的’程序’，肌肉记忆。

Declarative Memory – A collective term covering episodic and semantic memory because they can be consciously declared. Tip: You can ‘declare’ what you know.

陈述性记忆 – 包含情节记忆和语义记忆的总称，因为它们都可以被有意识地表述。记忆技巧：你能’陈述’出来的知识。

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7. Perception Theories and Visual Illusions | 知觉理论与视觉错觉

Sensation – The detection of physical stimuli by our sense organs; raw data from the environment. Tip: Sensation = physical, like a camera sensor capturing light.

感觉 – 感觉器官对物理刺激的探测；来自环境的原始信息。记忆技巧：感觉是物理过程，就像相机传感器捕捉光线。

Perception – The brain’s interpretation of sensory input to create a meaningful experience. Tip: Perception is what your brain ‘makes’ of the sensations.

知觉 – 大脑对感觉输入进行解释，从而赋予其意义的过程。记忆技巧：知觉是大脑对感觉的’加工和解读’。

Direct Theory (Gibson) – Argues that perception is innate and the environment provides all the cues (affordances) we need. Tip: ‘Gibson gives affordances’ – alliteration helps memory.

直接理论（吉布森） – 主张知觉是天生的，环境提供了我们所需的所有线索（供给）。记忆技巧：’Gibson 给线索’，押头韵助记。

Constructivist Theory (Gregory) – Perception is a construction using past experience, expectations and inferences; top-down processing. Tip: Gregory ‘guesses’ using stored knowledge.

建构理论（格里高利） – 知觉是利用过往经验、期待和推断构建出来的；是自上而下的加工。记忆技巧：Gregory 用储存的知识去’猜’。

Visual Illusion – A mismatch between physical reality and perceptual experience, often due to misapplied size constancy or depth cues. Tip: Your brain is tricked by cues that normally help.

视觉错觉 – 物理现实与知觉体验之间的错位，常源于大小恒常性或深度线索被误用。记忆技巧：大脑被平时很有用的线索骗了。

Muller-Lyer Illusion – Two lines of equal length appear different because arrowheads provide misleading depth cues. Tip: ‘Muller-Lyer’ – the arrows ‘lie’ about length.

缪勒-莱尔错觉 – 两条等长的线段因箭头方向不同而显得长度不一，因为箭头提供了误导的深度线索。记忆技巧：箭头在’说谎’，让你的长度判断出错。

Size Constancy – We perceive an object as the same size even when its retinal image changes; it can lead to Ponzo illusion misjudgements.

大小恒常性 – 当物体在视网膜上的成像大小改变时，我们仍然将其知觉为大小不变；这可能导致庞佐错觉的误判。

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8. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development | 皮亚杰认知发展阶段

Schemas – Mental frameworks of ideas and memories that help us understand the world. Tip: Think of filing cabinets in your brain where you slot new experiences.

图式 – 帮助我们理解世界的思维框架，包含经验和记忆。记忆技巧：想象大脑中的文件柜，新经验被放入对应抽屉。

Assimilation – Fitting new information into existing schemas without changing them. Tip: Assimilate = absorb into the same old schema.

同化 – 在不改变原有图式的情况下，将新信息纳入其中。记忆技巧：同化就是’吸’进旧框架，不动框架本身。

Accommodation – Changing an existing schema to fit new information. Tip: You ‘accommodate’ by remodelling your mental filing system.

顺应 – 改变原有图式以适应新信息。记忆技巧：你在顺应时，等于重新装修了脑中的文件系统。

Sensorimotor Stage (0–2 years) – Infants learn through senses and actions; object permanence develops around 8 months. Tip: ‘Senso-action’ stage – learn by doing.

感知运动阶段（0‑2岁） – 婴儿通过感觉和动作探索世界；客体永久性在8个月左右发展。记忆技巧：感觉+动作，边动边学。

Object Permanence – Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight. Tip: Peek-a-boo stops being funny when the child realises you are still there.

客体永久性 – 知道物体即使不在视线范围内也依然存在。记忆技巧：躲猫猫不再好笑时，说明孩子知道你其实还在。

Pre-operational Stage (2–7 years) – Children use symbols (words, images) but lack logical reasoning; show egocentrism and cannot conserve. Tip: ‘Pre-‘ means before logical operations – they are still centre of their universe.

前运算阶段（2‑7岁） – 儿童开始使用符号（词汇、图像），但缺乏逻辑推理；表现出自我中心且无法守恒。记忆技巧：’前’运算意味着逻辑尚未到来，他们仍以自我为中心。

Egocentrism – Seeing the world only from one’s own point of view, e.g. the three mountains task. Tip: ‘Ego’ = ‘I’ – only my perspective matters.

自我中心 – 仅从自身视角看世界，例如三山实验。记忆技巧：’自我'(ego)中心，只有’我’的视角。

Conservation – Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance, e.g. liquid in different glasses. Tip: ‘Conserve’ means save – the amount is saved even if it looks different.

守恒 – 理解数量不因外观改变而变化，例如不同杯子中的液体量。记忆技巧：’守恒’ 即数量保持不变，换了样子也不变。

Concrete Operational Stage (7–11 years) – Logical reasoning about concrete events; can conserve and decentre. Tip: ‘Concrete’ thinking – needs physical, actual examples.

具体运算阶段（7‑11岁） – 能够对具体事物进行逻辑推理；掌握守恒和去中心化。记忆技巧：只能对具体的实物进行逻辑思考。

Formal Operational Stage (11+ years) – Abstract and hypothetical thinking; can solve problems systematically. Tip: Now you can ‘formally’ play with ideas.

形式运算阶段（11岁以上） – 发展出抽象假设思维，能系统性地解决问题。记忆技巧：现在你可以正式地玩弄抽象理念了。

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9. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从

Conformity – A change in behaviour or belief to fit in with a group

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