📚 Year 9 AQA Law: Key Vocabulary Quick Reference Guide | Year 9 AQA 法律：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential fast-track vocabulary guide for Year 9 AQA Law. Mastering legal terminology early helps you think like a lawyer and tackle exam questions with confidence. Each term below comes with a simple memory trick – short mnemonics, vivid images and logical links – to fix the word forever in your mind.
欢迎使用这份 Year 9 AQA 法律必备词汇速记指南。尽早掌握法律术语能帮你像律师一样思考，自信地应对考题。下面每个术语都配有简易记忆法——简短的助记口诀、生动的图像和逻辑关联——让词汇深深印在你的脑海里。
1. Laws, Rules and Norms | 法律、规则与规范
Law is a system of official rules made by the state, backed by sanctions such as fines, community orders or imprisonment. Think of LAW as ‘Legally Applied Words’ that everyone must follow.
法律是由国家制定的正式规则体系，以罚款、社区令或监禁等制裁为后盾。可以把 LAW 想象成“合法施加的言辞”，人人都必须遵守。
A rule is a regulation within a specific setting, like a school uniform policy, enforced by an authority but not by national courts. Memory hook: ‘Rules stay in the Room; Laws leave and chase you everywhere.’
规则是特定环境中的管理规定，比如校服制度，由特定权威执行而非国家法院。记忆口诀：“规则只在房间里，法律可以追着你到处跑。”
Moral norms are standards of right and wrong, such as honesty, that may influence law but are not directly enforceable. Picture a compass: morals point, but law pushes.
道德规范是对与错的标准，如诚实，可以影响法律但不具有直接强制力。想象一个指南针：道德指引方向，法律却在背后推着你走。
Customs are long-established practices that sometimes become law – imagine a village path used for 50 years turning into a public right of way. Custom = ‘Common Use Slowly Turned Into National/legal System’.
习俗是长期形成的惯例，有时转化为法律——试想一条走了50年的村间小路变成了公共通行权。Custom 可拆解为“Common Use Slowly Turned Into National/legal System”。
2. Parliamentary Law-Making | 议会立法
A Bill is a draft law that must travel through both the House of Commons and the House of Lords before it can become an Act. Visualise Bill as a young bird that has to fly through two chambers before it can land on the Royal Assent branch.
法案（Bill） 是一份法律草案，必须先后经过下议院和上议院才能变成法律。把 Bill 想象成一只幼鸟，必须飞过两个议院房间，才能降落在御准的枝头。
The House of Commons is the elected chamber whose members (MPs) represent constituencies. Memory anchor: ‘Commons are Common people electing MPs.’
下议院 是由选民选举产生的议院，议员代表选区。记忆锚点：“平民选出的下议院代表平民。”
The House of Lords is the revising chamber of appointed peers and bishops. Think: ‘Lords Look at legislation Last – but cannot block it forever.’
上议院 是由受任命的贵族和主教组成的修订院。联想：“上议院最后审视立法——但不能永远阻止它。”
Royal Assent is the monarch’s formal agreement that turns a Bill into an Act of Parliament. It is now a symbolic stamp: picture the Queen’s digital seal appearing on a giant PDF.
御准（Royal Assent） 是君主正式同意，使法案成为议会法律。现在它只是象征性的盖章——想象女王的数码印章盖在一份大号PDF上。
An Act of Parliament (statute) is primary legislation; once enacted it overrides other law. ‘ACT like a king’s command – All Courts Today obey it.’
议会法案（成文法）是最重要的立法，一旦颁布就优先于其他法律。“法案如同国王的命令——今日所有法院都得服从。”
3. Delegated Legislation | 授权立法
Delegated legislation is law made by a person or body to whom Parliament has given authority in a Parent Act. Imagine parents letting a babysitter set bedtime rules – the parent Act sets the big framework, and the babysitter makes the detailed rules.
授权立法 是议会通过一部 母法（Parent Act） 将权力交给某人或机构制定的法律。想象父母让保姆制定就寝规则——母法设置了大框架，保姆制定细则。
A Statutory Instrument is the most common form of delegated legislation, used by government ministers to update details like minimum wage rates. Mnemonic: ‘SI’ = Standard Instructions from ministers.
法定文件（Statutory Instrument） 是最常见的授权立法形式，部长们用它来更新最低工资率等细节。助记：“SI” = 部长的标准指示。
By-laws are local regulations made by councils or transport authorities, for example parking rules. ‘By the locals, for the local problems.’
地方规章（By-laws） 是地方议会或交通部门制定的地方法规，如停车规则。“由本地人制定，为解决本地问题。”
If a piece of delegated legislation goes beyond the powers given by the Parent Act, it is ultra vires and can be declared void. Imagine the babysitter trying to sell the house – that is ultra vires!
如果授权立法超出了母法授予的权力，就属于 越权（ultra vires），可被宣布无效。想象保姆试图把房子卖掉——那就是越权！
4. Common Law and Equity | 普通法与衡平法
Common law is judge-made law created through decisions in courts, also called case law. Picture judges as craftsmen building a wall brick by brick – each case adds another brick.
普通法 是法官在法庭判决中创制的法律，也称判例法。把法官想象成砌墙的工匠——每起案件就是加一块砖。
Judicial precedent means that lower courts must follow the rulings of higher courts in similar cases. Mnemonic: ‘PREvious DECision ENTs the present.’
司法先例 指下级法院在类似案件中必须遵循上级法院的裁决。助记口诀：“前判框定了现在。”
Stare decisis is the Latin principle of ‘stand by what has been decided’. Think of a ‘star’ decision that guides later ships – stare = star that leads.
遵循先例（stare decisis） 是拉丁语原则，意为“坚持已决之事”。想象一颗指路明星，引导后面的船只——“stare” 如同“star”。
The ratio decidendi is the legal reasoning essential to a decision, the binding part. Cut the Latin: ‘RATIOnal DECision Ideas.’
判决理由（ratio decidendi） 是判决中核心的法律推理，构成有约束力的部分。拆解拉丁语：“理性的判决观点”。
Obiter dicta are comments made “by the way” – they are persuasive but not binding. Think of a judge saying ‘by the way…’ – that’s obiter.
附带意见（obiter dicta） 是法官“顺便”发表的评论——有说服力但不具有约束力。想象法官说“顺便提一下……”——那就是 obiter。
Equity developed as a fair supplement to the common law, using maxims like ‘he who comes to equity must come with clean hands’. Picture Equity as a gentle helper oiling the stiff machinery of the common law.
衡平法 是作为普通法的公平补充发展起来的，运用诸如“寻求衡平者须自身清白”等格言。把衡平法想象成一位温和的助手，给普通法这架僵硬的机器上油。
5. The Court Structure | 法院体系
The UK court hierarchy has trial courts and appellate courts. Imagine a pyramid: at the base are Magistrates’ Courts and County Courts, rising to the Crown Court and High Court, then the Court of Appeal, with the Supreme Court at the apex.
英国法院体系分为 初审法院 和 上诉法院。想象一座金字塔：底部是治安法院和郡法院，往上是刑事法院和高等法院，然后是上诉法院，最高法院位于顶端。
Magistrates’ Court handles summary offences and first hearings for either-way offences. Memory code: ‘Minor, Motoring, Magistrate.’ Ninety-seven per cent of cases finish here.
治安法院 处理简易罪和可诉可简罪的首轮聆讯。记忆口诀：“轻微、交通、治安管。” 97% 的案件在此终结。
Crown Court deals with indictable offences and either-way cases sent for trial, with a judge and jury. ‘Crown Crimes need a Crown Court.’
刑事法院 审理可公诉罪和移交审判的可诉可简案，有法官与陪审团。“王冠之罪进王冠法院。”
County Court handles most civil money claims and family matters. ‘County = Cash & Couples.’
郡法院 处理大部分民事金钱索赔和家庭事务。“郡 = 金钱与配偶。”
The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal for all UK civil cases and most criminal cases. Its decisions are binding on all lower courts – ‘Supreme is the roof of the pyramid.’
最高法院 是英国所有民事案件和多数刑事案件的终审法院，其裁决对所有下级法院皆有约束力——“最高法院是金字塔的屋顶。”
6. Criminal and Civil Law – Key Distinctions | 刑法与民法的主要区别
Criminal law deals with conduct that the state considers harmful to society; the state prosecutes the defendant. Visual trigger: ‘Criminal = CRIMes + state INtervention.’
刑法 处理国家认为危害社会的行为，由国家起诉被告。视觉触发器：“刑事 = 犯罪 + 国家干预。”
Civil law resolves disputes between individuals or organisations, e.g. negligence or breach of contract. ‘Civil = Citizens Invoking Legal Individual rights.’
民法 解决个人或组织之间的纠纷，如过失或违约。“民事 = 公民援引法律个人权利。”
The prosecution brings the case in criminal law; the claimant (formerly plaintiff) sues in civil law. Think: ‘Prosecutor for Public harm, Claimant for Cash.’
刑事诉讼由 公诉方 提起；民事诉讼由 原告（索赔人） 起诉。联想：“公诉为公众，索赔为赔款。”
The burden of proof in criminal trials lies on the prosecution; in civil trials it usually lies on the claimant. Who must prove the case? In crime it is the Crown, in civil it is the claiming party.
刑事案件中 举证责任 在公诉方；民事案件中通常在原告。谁必须证明案情？刑事归国王，民事归主张方。
The standard of proof: criminal cases need proof ‘beyond reasonable doubt’ – imagine a deep dark sky almost totally covered by clouds; civil cases need proof ‘on the balance of probabilities’ – a seesaw tilting just a little more than 50%.
证明标准：刑事案件需“排除合理怀疑”——想象阴云几乎密布的天空；民事案件只需“盖然性权衡”——一架跷跷板稍稍超过50%地倾斜。
7. Criminal Offences: Actus Reus and Mens Rea | 犯罪要件：犯罪行为与犯罪意图
Actus reus is the guilty act – the physical element of a crime. Disassemble: ‘Actus = ACTual Usurping of law.’ It can be an act, an omission or a state of affairs.
犯罪行为（actus reus） 是犯罪中的客观行为要素。拆解：“Actus = 实际的违法行动。”它可以是作为、不作为或特定状态。
Mens rea is the guilty mind – the mental element. ‘Mens = MENTal Sin.’ This could be intention, recklessness or, for some crimes, gross negligence.
犯罪意图（mens rea） 是犯罪中的主观心理因素。“Mens = 内心的罪恶。”可以是故意、放任或在某些罪名中的重大过失。
Most crimes require both actus reus and mens rea to coincide. Picture actus reus as the body of a dragon and mens rea as its fire‑breathing head – both must be present for the beast to live.
多数犯罪要求犯罪行为和犯罪意图同时存在。把 actus reus 想象成龙的身体，mens rea 是它喷火的头——龙要存活，两者缺一不可。
Strict liability offences need no mens rea – just doing the act is enough, e.g. selling alcohol to a minor. Mnemonic: ‘Strict – no mind needed, just strict science of the act.’
严格责任 犯罪无需犯罪意图——只要实施行为即构成，如向未成年人售酒。助记：“严格——无需内心，只看行为本身。”
Causation links the defendant’s conduct to the harm. Both factual (‘but for’ test) and legal causation must be proved. Imagine a chain of dominos: the defendant must have knocked the first one and the chain must not be broken by a third party or an extraordinary event.
因果关系 将被告行为与损害联系起来。必须证明事实因果关系（“若无则不”检验）和法律因果关系。想象一串多米诺骨牌：被告必须推倒第一块，且牌链不能被第三方或异常事件打断。
8. Civil Law: Tort and Contract | 民法：侵权与合同
A tort is a civil wrong that leads to a remedy, typically damages. ‘Tort = TROuble caused by Tortfeasor.’
侵权 是导致法律救济（通常是损害赔偿）的民事过错。“Tort = 侵权人带来的麻烦。”
Negligence requires duty of care, breach of that duty, and damage caused by the breach. Memory chain: ‘DAD’ – Duty accepted, Act breached, Damage suffered.
过失侵权（negligence） 要求存在注意义务、违反该义务，以及因违反造成的损害。记忆链：“DAD”——接受义务 (Duty)、违反行为 (Act)、遭受损害 (Damage)。
The duty of care was established in Donoghue v Stevenson: you must take reasonable care to avoid acts you can reasonably foresee would injure your neighbour. Think of the snail in the ginger beer – the manufacturer owed a duty to the ultimate consumer.
注意义务 通过“多诺霍诉史蒂文森案”确立：你必须采取合理注意，避免可预见会伤害邻人的行为。想想姜汁啤酒里的蜗牛——制造商对最终消费者负有注意义务。
Nuisance is a tort that protects a person’s enjoyment of land from unreasonable interference, e.g. loud noise or smells. ‘Nuisance = Not Underneath Usual Idea of Sociable Community Enjoyment.’
妨害侵权（nuisance） 保护人们对其土地享有的安宁不受不合理干扰，如巨响或气味。“妨害 = 超出了正常社区生活可享受的界限。”
A contract is
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