📚 Year 9 AQA Physical Education: Quick Vocabulary & Terminology Guide | 九年级 AQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terminology is essential for success in Year 9 AQA Physical Education. This guide breaks down the most important terms you need to know into clear definitions and easy-to-remember explanations. Use it to boost your confidence when describing movements, training principles, and body systems.
掌握关键术语是九年级 AQA 体育课程取得好成绩的基础。本指南将最重要的词汇分解为清晰的定义和便于记忆的解释，帮助你自信地描述动作、训练原则和身体系统。
1. Anatomical Terms | 解剖学术语
Anterior refers to the front of the body; for example, the chest is on the anterior side.
前侧（Anterior）指身体的前部；例如，胸部位于前侧。
Posterior refers to the back of the body; the shoulder blades are posterior.
后侧（Posterior）指身体的后部；肩胛骨位于后侧。
Superior means towards the head or above; the skull is superior to the ribcage.
上侧（Superior）表示朝向头部或上方；颅骨位于胸廓上方。
Inferior means towards the feet or below; the pelvis is inferior to the ribs.
下侧（Inferior）表示朝向脚部或下方；骨盆位于肋骨下方。
Medial is closer to the midline of the body; the big toe is on the medial side of the foot.
内侧（Medial）指靠近身体中线；大脚趾在脚的内侧。
Lateral is further away from the midline; the little toe is on the lateral side of the foot.
外侧（Lateral）指远离身体中线；小脚趾在脚的外侧。
Proximal means closer to the trunk or point of attachment; the elbow is proximal to the wrist.
近侧（Proximal）指更靠近躯干或附着点；肘关节相对于腕关节是近侧的。
Distal means further from the trunk; the fingers are distal to the elbow.
远侧（Distal）指更远离躯干；手指相对于肘关节是远侧的。
2. Movement Patterns | 动作模式
Flexion is a movement that decreases the angle at a joint, for example bending the elbow or knee.
屈曲（Flexion）是减小关节角度的动作，例如屈肘或屈膝。
Extension increases the angle at a joint, such as straightening the arm or leg.
伸展（Extension）是增大关节角度的动作，例如伸直手臂或腿。
Abduction is movement away from the midline of the body, like lifting the arm sideways.
外展（Abduction）是远离身体中线的运动，如手臂侧平举。
Adduction is movement towards the midline, bringing the limb back to the body.
内收（Adduction）是朝向身体中线的运动，将肢体拉回身体。
Rotation describes turning a bone around its own long axis, like shaking your head ‘no’.
旋转（Rotation）指骨骼绕其长轴转动，例如摇头说“不”。
Circumduction is a cone-shaped combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction, often seen in arm circles.
环转（Circumduction）是屈曲、伸展、外展和内收的锥形组合，常见于手臂画圈动作。
Plantarflexion points the toes downwards, standing on tiptoes.
跖屈（Plantarflexion）足尖向下，踮起脚尖。
Dorsiflexion pulls the toes up towards the shin.
背屈（Dorsiflexion）将脚趾向上拉向小腿。
3. Components of Fitness | 体能要素
Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles during sustained exercise.
心血管耐力（Cardiovascular endurance）是心脏和肺在持续运动中向工作肌肉供氧的能力。
Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to repeat contractions without fatigue.
肌肉耐力（Muscular endurance）是肌肉或肌群反复收缩而不疲劳的能力。
Muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle can exert in a single contraction.
肌肉力量（Muscular strength）是肌肉单次收缩所能产生的最大力量。
Flexibility is the range of motion possible around a joint.
柔韧性（Flexibility）是关节周围可能的活动范围。
Body composition is the percentage of fat, muscle and bone in the body.
身体成分（Body composition）是体内脂肪、肌肉和骨骼的百分比。
Agility is the ability to change direction quickly and control the body’s position.
敏捷性（Agility）是快速改变方向并控制身体姿势的能力。
Balance is the ability to maintain the centre of mass over the base of support.
平衡（Balance）是在支撑面上方维持身体重心的能力。
Coordination is the smooth, efficient use of two or more body parts together.
协调性（Coordination）是流畅、高效地同时使用两个或以上身体部位的能力。
Reaction time is the time taken to respond to a stimulus.
反应时间（Reaction time）是对刺激作出反应所需的时间。
Speed is the ability to move the body or body parts quickly, calculated as distance divided by time.
速度（Speed）是快速移动身体或身体部位的能力，计算方式为距离除以时间。
4. Principles of Training | 训练原则
Specificity means training must be relevant to the sport, energy system and muscle groups required.
针对性（Specificity）指训练必须与所需运动项目、能量系统和肌群相关。
Progression is gradually increasing the training demand to avoid plateaus and overuse.
渐进性（Progression）是逐步增加训练负荷，以避免平台期和过度使用。
Overload is training harder than normal to force the body to adapt; it follows the FITT formula.
超负荷（Overload）是进行比平时更艰苦的训练，迫使身体适应；遵循 FITT 原则。
Reversibility means fitness levels decline when training stops or is reduced significantly.
可逆性（Reversibility）指停止或显著减少训练时，体能水平会下降。
Tedium warns that variety in training is needed to prevent boredom and loss of motivation.
单调性（Tedium）提醒需保持训练多样性，防止厌倦和动力丧失。
Frequency (FITT) is how often you train per week.
频率（Frequency）指每周的训练次数。
Intensity (FITT) is how hard you work during a session, often measured by heart rate.
强度（Intensity）指每次训练的努力程度，通常用心率衡量。
Time (FITT) is the duration of each training session.
时间（Time）指每次训练的时长。
Type (FITT) is the training method chosen, such as continuous or interval training.
类型（Type）指所选训练方法，如持续训练或间歇训练。
5. Muscular System Terms | 肌肉系统术语
The agonist is the muscle that contracts to cause movement; also called the prime mover.
主动肌（Agonist）是收缩引起运动的肌肉；也称原动肌。
The antagonist is the muscle that relaxes to allow movement, often opposing the agonist.
拮抗肌（Antagonist）是放松以允许运动的肌肉，通常与主动肌相对。
A fixator muscle stabilises the origin of the agonist so it can work efficiently.
固定肌（Fixator）稳定主动肌的起点，使其高效工作。
Isotonic contraction involves muscle length changing while tension remains constant, e.g. lifting a weight.
等张收缩（Isotonic contraction）涉及张力不变但肌肉长度改变，例如举起重物。
Isometric contraction is when the muscle contracts but there is no visible movement, like a wall sit.
等长收缩（Isometric contraction）是肌肉收缩但无可见运动，如靠墙静蹲。
Antagonistic pairs describe muscles that work together to create movement: biceps and triceps, quadriceps and hamstrings are examples.
拮抗肌对（Antagonistic pairs）描述协同产生运动的肌肉：例如肱二头肌和肱三头肌、股四头肌和腘绳肌。
6. Skeletal System Terms | 骨骼系统术语
The skeleton provides support, giving the body its shape and a framework for muscle attachment.
骨骼提供支撑（Support），赋予身体形状并为肌肉附着提供框架。
Protection shields vital organs; for instance, the cranium protects the brain and the ribcage protects the heart and lungs.
保护（Protection）功能保护重要器官；例如颅骨保护大脑，胸廓保护心脏和肺。
Movement occurs because bones act as levers and joints act as pivots when muscles contract.
运动（Movement）的发生是因为肌肉收缩时，骨骼充当杠杆，关节充当支点。
Mineral storage includes calcium and phosphorus, which are released when needed.
矿物质储存（Mineral storage）包括钙和磷，需要时释放。
Blood cell production takes place in the bone marrow, mainly in large bones.
血细胞生成（Blood cell production）在骨髓中进行，主要在大骨内。
A ball and socket joint, such as the hip or shoulder, allows movement in all directions including rotation.
球窝关节（Ball and socket joint），如髋关节或肩关节，允许包括旋转在内的全方位运动。
A hinge joint, like the knee and elbow, allows only flexion and extension.
枢纽关节（Hinge joint），如膝关节和肘关节，只允许屈曲和伸展。
A pivot joint, found in the neck, allows rotation around a single axis.
枢轴关节（Pivot joint）位于颈部，允许围绕单一轴旋转。
7. Cardiovascular System Terms | 心血管系统术语
The heart has four chambers: two upper atria and two lower ventricles.
心脏有四个腔室：两个上部的心房（atria）和两个下部的心室（ventricles）。
The septum is the muscular wall separating the left and right sides of the heart, preventing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing.
室间隔（Septum）是分隔心脏左右两侧的肌壁，防止含氧血和缺氧血混合。
Valves, such as the tricuspid and bicuspid, ensure blood flows in one direction only.
瓣膜（Valves），如三尖瓣和二尖瓣，确保血液单向流动。
Arteries carry blood away from the heart; they have thick, elastic walls to withstand high pressure.
动脉（Arteries）将血液运离心脏；它们有厚而富有弹性的管壁以承受高压。
Veins carry blood back to the heart; they contain valves to prevent backflow.
静脉（Veins）将血液送回心脏；它们含有瓣膜以防止回流。
Capillaries are tiny, thin-walled vessels where gas exchange occurs between blood and cells.
毛细血管（Capillaries）是壁很薄的小血管，是血液与细胞间气体交换的场所。
Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per minute. Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.
心率（Heart rate）是每分钟心跳次数。每搏输出量（Stroke volume）是每次心跳左心室泵出的血量。
Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate; it represents the volume of blood pumped per minute.
心输出量（Cardiac output）= 每搏输出量 × 心率；表示每分钟泵出的血液总量。
Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, which carries oxygen (O₂). Plasma is the liquid part of blood that transports nutrients and hormones.
红细胞（Red blood cells）含血红蛋白，携带氧气（O₂）。血浆（Plasma）是血液的液体部分，运输营养和激素。
8. Respiratory System Terms | 呼吸系统术语
Inspiration (inhalation) occurs when the diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the intercostal muscles lift the ribs, increasing chest volume so air rushes in.
吸气（Inspiration）发生时，膈肌收缩变平，肋间肌上提肋骨，胸腔容积增大，空气被吸入。
Expiration (exhalation) at rest is passive; the diaphragm relaxes and elastic recoil pushes air out.
平静呼气（Expiration）是被动过程；膈肌放松，弹性回缩将空气推出。
Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one normal breath.
潮气量（Tidal volume）是正常呼吸时每次吸入或呼出的空气量。
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a maximum inhalation.
肺活量（Vital capacity）是最大吸气后能用力呼出的最大空气量。
Minute ventilation = tidal volume × breathing rate. It measures the total air moved in and out in one minute.
每分通气量（Minute ventilation）= 潮气量 × 呼吸频率，测量一分钟内进出肺部的空气总量。
Gaseous exchange happens in the alveoli: oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) diffuses out.
气体交换（Gaseous exchange）发生在肺泡：氧气扩散入血液，二氧化碳（CO₂）扩散出去。
Diffusion is the movement of gases from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
扩散（Diffusion）是气体从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的运动。
9. Skill Classification | 技能分类
Open skills are performed in unpredictable, changing environments, e.g. a rugby tackle.
开放性技能（Open skills）在不可预测、变化的环境中进行，例如橄榄球擒抱。
Closed skills are performed in stable, predictable settings, e.g. a golf swing.
封闭性技能（Closed skills）在稳定、可预测的环境中进行，例如高尔夫挥杆。
Gross skills involve large muscle groups and big movements, such as jumping.
大肌肉群技能（Gross skills）涉及大肌肉群和大动作，例如跳跃。
Fine skills require precision and small muscle groups, like throwing a dart.
精细技能（Fine skills）需要精确和小肌肉群，例如投掷飞镖。
Discrete skills have a clear beginning and end, e.g. a penalty kick.
分离技能（Discrete skills）有明确的开始和结束，例如罚点球。
Serial skills link several discrete movements together, e.g. a triple jump.
系列技能（Serial skills）将多个分离动作串联起来，例如三级跳远。
Continuous skills have no obvious start or finish, like cycling.
连续技能（Continuous skills）无明显开始或结束，例如骑自行车。
Self-paced skills are controlled by the performer, who decides when to start; an example is a tennis serve.
自我定速技能（Self-paced skills）由执行者控制开始时机，例如网球发球。
Externally paced skills are initiated by an outside event; reacting to a starter’s gun is a classic case.
外部定速技能（Externally paced skills）由外部事件触发；对发令枪的反应是典型例子。
10. Feedback & Guidance | 反馈与指导
Intrinsic feedback comes from within the performer through kinesthetic senses, hearing and sight.
内在反馈（Intrinsic feedback）来自执行者自身，通过动觉、听觉和视觉感受。
Extrinsic feedback is provided by outside sources like a coach, video or scoreboard.
外在反馈（Extrinsic feedback）由外部来源提供，如教练、录像或记分板。
Knowledge of results (KR) feedback tells the performer the outcome, e.g. ‘the shot went in’.
结果知晓（Knowledge of results）反馈告诉执行者结果，例如“球进了”。
Knowledge of performance (KP) feedback focuses on the technique used, e.g. ‘keep your elbow higher’.
表现知晓（Knowledge of performance）反馈关注所使用的技术，例如“肘部抬高些”。
Verbal guidance provides spoken instructions; it works best with advanced learners.
言语指导（Verbal guidance）提供口头指令；对高水平学习者效果最佳。
Visual guidance involves demonstrations, videos or diagrams, helpful for beginners.
视觉指导（Visual guidance）包括示范、视频或图解，对新手帮助大。
Manual guidance is physically moving the learner into the correct position, also called physical manipulation.
手动指导（Manual guidance）是身体上移动学习者到正确位置，也称肢体操作。
Mechanical guidance uses equipment to support or guide a movement, such as a float in swimming.
机械指导（Mechanical guidance）使用设备支撑或引导动作，如游泳浮板。
11. Health, Fitness & Well-being | 健康、体能与福祉
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.
健康（Health）是身体、心理和社会适应都完好的状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病。
Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment, including daily tasks and sports.
体能（Fitness）是满足环境需求的能力，包括日常任务和运动。
Sedentary lifestyle describes a pattern of low physical activity, increasing the risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease.
久坐生活方式（Sedentary lifestyle）指低身体活动模式，会增加肥胖和心血管疾病的风险。
Obesity is a condition of excessive body fat, often linked to a poor diet and inactivity.
肥胖（Obesity）是身体脂肪过多的状况，常与不良饮食和缺乏运动有关。
A balanced diet provides the right proportions of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water.
均衡饮食（Balanced diet）提供适当比例的碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物质和水。
Carbohydrates are the main fuel for high-intensity exercise; they are stored as glycogen.
碳水化合物（Carbohydrates）是高强度运动的主要燃料；以糖原形式储存。
Dehydration occurs when the body loses more fluid than it takes in, impairing temperature regulation and performance.
脱水（Dehydration）发生时，身体流失水分多于摄入，损害体温调节和运动表现。
12. Exam Command Words | 考试指令词
Describe means to give a detailed account of something, painting a picture with words but not explaining why.
描述（Describe）要求详细叙述某事，用文字描绘画面，但无需解释原因。
Explain requires you to give reasons or causes; say ‘how’ and ‘why’ using because statements.
解释（Explain）要求给出理由或原因；用“因为”说明“如何”以及“为什么”。
Analyse means to break a topic into parts and examine each one, often identifying patterns or links.
分析（Analyse）指将主题拆解成部分并逐一考查，常需识别模式或联系。
Evaluate asks you to judge the value or importance of something, using evidence to support both strengths and weaknesses.
评价（Evaluate）要求判断某事物的价值或重要性，用证据支持优点和缺点。
Justify means to give reasoned arguments to support a decision or viewpoint, showing why it is valid.
论证（Justify）指提供有理由的论据来支持决定或观点，表明其合理性。
Compare is about identifying similarities and differences between two or more things.
比较（Compare）是识别两个或多个事物之间的相似点和不同点。
Discuss expects you to explore an issue fairly, presenting different viewpoints before reaching a conclusion.
讨论（Discuss）期望你公平地探讨问题，提出不同的观点后得出结论。
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