Year 9 CCEA Engineering: Rapid Memorisation Guide for Key Terminology | CCEA 九年级工程：关键术语速记指南

📚 Year 9 CCEA Engineering: Rapid Memorisation Guide for Key Terminology | CCEA 九年级工程：关键术语速记指南

Welcome to your fast-track revision guide for Year 9 CCEA Engineering. Mastering specialist vocabulary is the first step to describing processes, solving problems and acing your assessments. This bilingual resource pairs every key term with a clear English definition and its Chinese equivalent, followed by memory hooks to help the words stick. Use the paired paragraphs to test yourself, and revisit the mnemonics whenever a term feels fuzzy.

欢迎使用 CCEA 九年级工程速记指南。掌握专业词汇是你描述工艺、解决问题并在考核中脱颖而出的第一步。这份双语资源为每个关键术语提供了清晰的英文定义和对应的中文释义，并附有记忆抓手，让词汇牢牢扎根。利用这些成对的段落进行自测，每当你对某个术语感到模糊时，就重温一下助记方法。

1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能

Engineering materials are chosen based on their physical and mechanical properties. The right material can make a design lighter, stronger or more durable. Let’s explore the core categories and the terms you need to describe how materials behave.

工程材料是根据其物理和力学性能来选用的。合适的材料能让设计更轻、更强或更耐用。我们来探索核心类别，以及描述材料行为时你需要掌握的术语。

Material: any substance used to make an object. Engineers classify materials into metals, polymers, ceramics and composites.

材料：用于制造物体的任何物质。工程师将材料分为金属、聚合物、陶瓷和复合材料。

Ferrous metal: a metal that contains iron, such as mild steel or cast iron. Ferrous metals are usually magnetic and can rust if not protected.

黑色金属：含铁金属，例如低碳钢或铸铁。黑色金属通常有磁性，若不加以保护会生锈。

Non-ferrous metal: a metal that does not contain iron, e.g. aluminium, copper, brass. These metals are often corrosion-resistant and good conductors.

有色金属：不含铁的金属，如铝、铜、黄铜。这些金属通常耐腐蚀且是良导体。

Polymer: a long-chain molecule material, commonly called plastic. Thermoplastics soften when heated (can be remoulded), while thermosets set permanently after heating.

聚合物：一种长链分子材料，通常称为塑料。热塑性塑料加热时变软（可重新成型），而热固性塑料一经加热便永久定型。

Tensile strength: the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before breaking. Think ‘tension’ to remember it is about pulling forces.

抗拉强度：材料在被拉伸至断裂前所能承受的最大应力。联想“拉力”（tension）来记住它与拉拽力相关。

Ductility: the ability of a material to be drawn into a wire. Ductile metals like copper can stretch significantly without snapping. Picture ‘duct’ as a channel guiding the wire.

延展性：材料被拉拔成丝的能力。像铜这样的延性金属可以大幅拉伸而不断裂。想象“管道”（duct）就是在引导金属丝。

Hardness: a measure of how resistant a material is to scratching or indentation. Diamond-tipped tools are used on very hard surfaces.

硬度：衡量材料抵抗刮擦或压痕能力的指标。金刚石尖端工具用于极硬表面。

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2. Forces and Motion | 力与运动

Forces act on every structure and mechanism. Understanding the vocabulary of motion helps you predict how objects will behave under load. These terms form the backbone of mechanical engineering at Key Stage 3.

力作用于每一个结构和机构。理解运动相关的词汇有助于你预测物体在受力时的行为。这些术语构成了关键阶段3机械工程的支柱。

Force: a push or pull that can change the motion of an object. Force is a vector quantity measured in newtons (N).

力：能够改变物体运动的推或拉。力是矢量，以牛顿（N）为单位。

Mass: the amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). Mass stays the same whether you are on Earth or the Moon.

质量：物体所含物质的多少，以千克（kg）为单位。无论你在地球还是月球，质量保持不变。

Weight: the force of gravity acting on a mass. Weight = mass × gravitational field strength. On Earth use W = m × g with g ≈ 10 N/kg.

重量：重力作用在质量上的力。重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度。在地球上用 W = m × g，g ≈ 10 N/kg。

W = m × g

Friction: a resistive force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be helpful (braking) or wasteful (heat in bearings).

摩擦力：阻碍两接触表面相对运动的抵抗力。它可能有益（刹车），也可能造成浪费（轴承发热）。

Velocity: the speed of an object in a given direction. Unlike speed, velocity is a vector, so changing direction means changing velocity.

速度：物体在给定方向上的运动快慢。与速率不同，速度是矢量，因此改变方向就意味着速度发生变化。

Acceleration: the rate of change of velocity. It is calculated as a = (v – u) / t and measured in m/s².

加速度：速度变化的快慢。计算公式为 a = (v – u) / t，单位是 m/s²。

a = (v − u) ÷ t

Newton’s First Law: an object remains at rest or moves at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a resultant force. Memory hook: ‘Inertia resists change.’

牛顿第一定律：除非受到合力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。记忆口诀：“惯性抵抗变化”。

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3. Basic Electronics | 基础电子学

Electronic circuits are everywhere in engineering control systems. Year 9 students need to recognise common components, use Ohm’s Law and build simple series and parallel circuits. The vocabulary below will give you the building blocks.

电子电路在工程控制系统中无处不在。九年级学生需要识别常见元件、运用欧姆定律并搭建简单的串联和并联电路。下面的词汇将为你提供基石。

Voltage (V): the electrical ‘pressure’ that pushes current around a circuit. Also called potential difference, it is measured in volts (V).

电压（V）：推动电流在电路中流动的电“压力”。也称为电位差，以伏特（V）为单位。

Current (I): the flow of electric charge. Current is measured in amperes (A). Think of water flow: current is how many electrons pass per second.

电流（I）：电荷的流动。电流以安培（A）为单位。想象水流：电流就是每秒通过多少个电子。

Resistance (R): a measure of how much a component opposes current flow. It is measured in ohms (Ω). Resistors add colour-coded bands to show their value.

电阻（R）：衡量元件阻碍电流流动程度的量。以欧姆（Ω）为单位。电阻器通过色环编码来标示其阻值。

Ohm’s Law: the relationship linking voltage, current and resistance.

欧姆定律：联系电压、电流和电阻的关系。

V = I × R

Series circuit: components connected end-to-end, so the same current flows through all of them. If one bulb breaks, the circuit is open and all go out.

串联电路：元件首尾相连，因此相同电流流经所有元件。如果一个灯泡坏了，电路断开，所有灯都熄灭。

Parallel circuit: components connected in separate branches, each branch receiving the full battery voltage. If one branch breaks, others keep working.

并联电路：元件连接在独立支路中，每条支路承受全部电源电压。若一条支路断开，其他支路继续工作。

Diode: a component that only allows current to flow in one direction. The symbol arrow points from positive to negative. LED is a light-emitting diode.

二极管：只允许电流单向流动的元件。其符号箭头由正指向负。LED 是发光二极管。

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4. Structures and Mechanisms | 结构与机构

Every engineered product must withstand loads or transfer motion. This section gathers the terms used to analyse frameworks and simple machines. Visualising levers and gears will speed up your recall.

每一件工程产品都必须承受载荷或传递运动。本部分汇集了用于分析框架和简单机械的术语。视觉化想象杠杆与齿轮将加速你的记忆。

Strut: a structural member designed to resist compressive forces. A strut is being squashed. Tie: a member designed to resist tensile forces — it is being pulled.

压杆：设计用来抵抗压缩力的结构件。压杆正被挤压。拉杆：设计用来抵抗拉伸力的构件——它正被拉伸。

Beam: a horizontal structural element that supports loads by bending. Think of a wooden plank bridging two supports.

梁：一种通过弯曲来支撑载荷的水平结构元件。想象一块架在两个支撑物之间的木板。

Truss: a framework of triangles that spreads forces efficiently. Triangles are rigid shapes; other polygons deform easily.

桁架：由三角形构成的框架，能高效分布力。三角形是刚性形状，其他多边形容易变形。

Lever: a simple machine that pivots around a fulcrum. The three classes differ by where the effort, load and fulcrum sit. Memorise: FLE — 1st class Fulcrum in middle; 2nd Load; 3rd Effort.

杠杆：绕支点转动的简单机械。根据动力、载荷和支点的位置分为三类。记忆：FLE — 第一类支点在中间（Fulcrum）；第二类载荷（Load）；第三类动力（Effort）。

Mechanical advantage (MA): the ratio of load force to effort force. MA > 1 means the lever multiplies your effort.

机械增益（MA）：载荷力与动力之比。MA > 1 意味着杠杆放大了你的作用力。

MA = Load ÷ Effort

Gear ratio: the relationship between the numbers of teeth on two meshed gears. A small gear driving a large one increases torque but reduces speed.

齿轮比：两个啮合齿轮齿数之间的关系。小齿轮带动大齿轮时转矩增大但转速降低。

Pulley system: a rope over a wheel used to change the direction or magnitude of a force. Multiple pulleys increase mechanical advantage.

滑轮系统：通过滑轮上的绳索来改变力的方向或大小。多个滑轮组可提高机械增益。

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5. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺

Turning raw materials into finished parts involves shaping, joining and finishing. Recognising these processes will help you select the right method for a design brief and understand workshop safety.

将原材料转变为成品零件涉及成形、连接和表面处理。识别这些工艺将帮助你针对设计任务书选择正确方法并理解车间安全。

Casting: pouring molten metal into a mould and allowing it to solidify. Sand casting and die casting are common. The mould cavity forms the shape.

铸造：将熔融金属浇入模具并使其凝固。砂型铸造和压铸很常见。模具型腔形成形状。

Welding: joining metal pieces by melting the edges and adding filler material. The bond is permanent and strong. Welders need protective dark visors.

焊接：通过熔化边缘并添加填充材料来连接金属件。结合永久且牢固。焊工需要防护暗色面罩。

Soldering: a low-temperature joining process using a filler metal (solder). Used extensively in electronics to secure components to circuit boards without damaging them.

锡焊：使用填充金属（焊锡）的低温连接工艺。广泛用于电子领域，将元件固定在电路板上而不损坏它们。

Drilling: creating a cylindrical hole using a rotating drill bit. The workpiece must be clamped, and the correct speed prevents overheating.

钻孔：使用旋转钻头加工圆柱形孔洞。工件必须夹紧，正确的转速可防止过热。

Turning: a machining process where a cutting tool removes material from a rotating workpiece on a lathe. Produces cylindrical shapes like shafts and bolts.

车削：在车床上用刀具切除旋转工件上材料的加工工艺。可生产轴、螺栓等圆柱形状。

Additive manufacturing (3D printing): building an object layer by layer from a digital model. It reduces waste and allows complex internal geometries. Opposite of subtractive manufacturing.

增材制造（3D 打印）：根据数字模型逐层构建物体。可减少浪费并实现复杂内部几何形状。与减材制造相对。

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6. Design and Communication | 设计与沟通

Engineers use technical drawings to communicate precise ideas. Learning the language of orthographic and isometric views ensures your designs can be interpreted universally. Below are the essential drawing and CAD terms.

工程师利用技术图纸来传递精确想法。学习正投影和等轴测视图的语言能确保你的设计被普遍理解。以下是关键的绘图与CAD术语。

Orthographic projection: a method of representing a 3D object through 2D views — typically front, top and side. All dimensions remain true to scale.

正投影：通过二维视图（通常为正视图、俯视图和侧视图）来表现三维物体的方法。所有尺寸保持真实比例。

Isometric drawing: a 3D pictorial drawing where the three axes are equally spaced at 120°. Vertical lines stay vertical, while depth and width are drawn at 30° to the horizontal.

等轴测图：一种三维立体图，三条坐标轴匀称间隔120°。垂直线保持垂直，而深度和宽度与水平线成30°角。

Dimensioning: adding precise measurements to a drawing. Always use extension lines, dimension lines and clear arrows. The number indicates the true size, not the drawing length.

尺寸标注：在图纸上添加精确测量值。始终使用尺寸界线、尺寸线和清晰的箭头。数字表示真实大小，而非图面长度。

CAD (Computer-Aided Design): using software to create accurate 2D or 3D models. CAD allows easy editing, simulation and generation of bill of materials.

CAD（计算机辅助设计）：使用软件创建精确的二维或三维模型。CAD 便于编辑、模拟和生成物料清单。

Scale: the ratio of a drawing dimension to the actual object dimension. For example, 1:2 means the drawing is half the real size.

比例：图纸尺寸与实际物体尺寸的比值。例如，1:2 表示图面是实物的一半大小。

Sketch: a rough freehand drawing used to explore ideas quickly. Sketches are not final designs but are vital for brainstorming and annotations.

草图：用于快速探索想法的粗略手绘图。草图并非最终设计，但对于头脑风暴和注释至关重要。

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7. Measurement and Tolerances | 测量与公差

Precision is everything in engineering. You must be able to measure accurately and understand that no manufactured part is perfectly identical. The concepts of tolerance, accuracy and precision are fundamental to quality control.

精度在工程中至关重要。你必须能够准确测量，并理解没有两个加工零件是完全相同的。公差、准确度和精密度的概念是质量控制的基础。

Vernier caliper: a measuring instrument that provides highly accurate internal, external and depth readings. The sliding vernier scale lets you read to 0.1 mm or 0.05 mm.

游标卡尺：一种能高精度测量内径、外径和深度的仪器。滑动游标尺可帮你读到 0.1 mm 或 0.05 mm。

Micrometer: a precision tool using a calibrated screw to measure small distances, often to 0.01 mm. It is used for thickness or diameter checks.

千分尺：一种利用校准螺杆测量微小距离的精密工具，通常可读到 0.01 mm。用于检查厚度或直径。

Tolerance: the permissible limit of variation in a dimension. If a shaft diameter is 10 mm ±0.1 mm, it can measure between 9.9 mm and 10.1 mm and still be acceptable.

公差：尺寸允许的变动范围。若某轴径为 10 mm ±0.1 mm，其测量值在 9.9 mm 至 10.1 mm 之间均为合格。

Accuracy: how close a measurement is to the true value. A correctly calibrated vernier caliper gives better accuracy than a ruler.

准确度：测量值接近真值的程度。正确校准的游标卡尺比直尺提供更好的准确度。

Precision: how consistently repeated measurements give the same result, even if they are not accurate. A worn drill bit might produce very precise but inaccurate holes.

精密度：重复测量得到相同结果的一致程度，即使它们可能不准确。磨损的钻头可能钻出精密度很高但不准确的孔。

Go/no-go gauge: a gauge used to check if a part is within tolerance without measuring its exact size. One end fits (go), the other does not (no-go).

通止规：用于检查零件是否在公差范围内而不必测量其确切尺寸的量规。一端通过（通），另一端不通过（止）。

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8. Sustainability in Engineering | 工程中的可持续性

Modern engineering focuses on protecting the environment while meeting human needs. Year 9 students must talk about the 6Rs, life cycle assessment and renewable resources confidently. These terms will help you design with the planet in mind.

现代工程注重在满足人类需求的同时保护环境。九年级学生必须能自如地谈论 6R 原则、生命周期评价和可再生资源。这些术语将帮助你心系地球进行设计。

Sustainability: meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. In practice, this

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