📚 Year 9 CIE Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorization Guide | Year 9 CIE 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering biology starts with mastering its language. In the CIE Year 9 curriculum, you will encounter dozens of new terms, from ‘photosynthesis’ to ‘homeostasis’. This guide breaks them down using roots, prefixes, suffixes and memory tricks so you can learn faster, retain more, and apply terminology accurately in exams.
掌握生物学从掌握它的语言开始。在 CIE Year 9 课程中，你会遇到数十个新术语，从 ‘photosynthesis’ 到 ‘homeostasis’。本指南利用词根、前缀、后缀和记忆技巧，帮助你更快学习、更多保留，并在考试中准确使用术语。
1. Why Master Biology Vocabulary? | 为什么要掌握生物学术语？
Biology has a vast technical vocabulary, but nearly 75% of terms are built from Greek and Latin roots. When you recognise a root like ‘cyto-‘ (cell) or ‘photo-‘ (light), you can often deduce the meaning of an unfamiliar word. This saves revision time and prevents confusion between similar-sounding terms. CIE exam questions frequently require you to use precise terminology in definitions, explanations and labelled diagrams.
生物学拥有庞大的专业词汇，但近 75% 的术语由希腊语和拉丁语词根构成。当你认识 ‘cyto-‘（细胞）或 ‘photo-‘（光）这样的词根时，通常可以推断出陌生词汇的含义。这会节省复习时间，并防止相似发音术语间的混淆。CIE 考题常常要求你在定义、解释和标注图中使用精确的术语。
2. Taxonomy Terms | 分类学术语
The classification system organises living things into hierarchical groups. The sequence from largest to smallest is: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. A memorable sentence is ‘King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti’. Binomial nomenclature uses Genus and Species to give each organism a two-part scientific name, e.g. Homo sapiens.
分类系统将生物组织成等级群体。从大到小的顺序是：界、门、纲、目、科、属、种。一个助记句是 ‘King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti’。双名法使用属名和种名给每个生物一个两部分组成的学名，例如 Homo sapiens。
Key roots: ‘taxi-‘ means arrangement; ‘nomen-‘ means name. When you see ‘Eukaryota’ (domain), ‘eu-‘ means true, ‘karyo-‘ means nucleus – organisms with a true nucleus. Prokaryote (pro- before, karyo- nucleus) refers to organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus.
关键词根：’taxi-‘ 意为排列；’nomen-‘ 意为名称。当你看到 ‘Eukaryota’（域），’eu-‘ 意为真，’karyo-‘ 意为核——具有真正细胞核的生物。Prokaryote (pro- 前，karyo- 核) 指没有膜结合细胞核的生物。
3. Cell Structure Terminology | 细胞结构术语
-
Nucleus (plural nuclei): from Latin ‘nucula’ meaning little nut. The control centre of the cell, containing DNA.
细胞核：来自拉丁语 ‘nucula’，意为小坚果。细胞的控制中心，含有 DNA。
-
Cytoplasm: ‘cyto-‘ cell + ‘plasm’ formed material. The jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur.
细胞质：’cyto-‘ 细胞 + ‘plasm’ 形成物。发生化学反应的果冻状物质。
-
Cell membrane: a partially permeable barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell.
细胞膜：控制物质进出的选择透过性屏障。
-
Mitochondrion (plural mitochondria): ‘mito-‘ thread + ‘chondrion’ granule. The site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy.
线粒体：’mito-‘ 线 + ‘chondrion’ 颗粒。有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量。
-
Ribosome: tiny structure made of RNA and protein, site of protein synthesis.
核糖体：由 RNA 和蛋白质组成的微小结构，蛋白质合成场所。
-
Chloroplast: ‘chloro-‘ green + ‘plast’ formed body. Contains chlorophyll and carries out photosynthesis.
叶绿体：’chloro-‘ 绿 + ‘plast’ 成形体。含有叶绿素，进行光合作用。
-
Vacuole: a fluid-filled sac, large and permanent in plant cells, storing cell sap.
液泡：充满液体的囊泡，植物细胞中大型且永久，储存细胞液。
-
Cell wall (plants): made of cellulose, provides structural support.
细胞壁（植物）：由纤维素组成，提供结构支撑。
4. Biomolecules Vocabulary | 生物分子词汇
Large biological molecules are polymers built from smaller monomers. Break words to understand them: ‘mono-‘ one, ‘poly-‘ many, ‘sacchar-‘ sugar.
生物大分子是由较小单体构成的聚合物。拆词理解：’mono-‘ 单一，’poly-‘ 多个，’sacchar-‘ 糖。
-
Carbohydrate (carbon + water): includes sugars and starches. Monosaccharide examples: glucose, fructose. Disaccharide: maltose, sucrose. Polysaccharide: starch, glycogen, cellulose.
碳水化合物（碳 + 水）：包括糖和淀粉。单糖如葡萄糖、果糖。二糖：麦芽糖、蔗糖。多糖：淀粉、糖原、纤维素。
-
Protein: polymer of amino acids. The name ‘amino’ refers to the –NH₂ group. Enzymes are proteins.
蛋白质：氨基酸的聚合物。’amino’ 指 –NH₂ 基团。酶是蛋白质。
-
Lipid: fats and oils. Made from fatty acids and glycerol. ‘Lipos’ is Greek for fat.
脂质：脂肪和油。由脂肪酸和甘油构成。’Lipos’ 希腊语意为脂肪。
-
Nucleic acid: DNA and RNA. Monomer = nucleotide, composed of sugar, phosphate, base. ‘Nucle-‘ refers to the nucleus.
核酸：DNA 和 RNA。单体 = 核苷酸，由糖、磷酸、碱基组成。’Nucle-‘ 指细胞核。
5. Enzymes and Digestion | 酶与消化
Enzymes are biological catalysts. The name often ends in ‘-ase’ (e.g., amylase, protease, lipase). The substance an enzyme acts on is the substrate; the region where it binds is the active site. High temperature or extreme pH can cause denaturation – the enzyme loses its specific shape. Remember: ‘de-‘ means remove, ‘nature’ refers to its natural shape.
酶是生物催化剂。名称常以 ‘-ase’ 结尾（如淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶）。酶作用的物质是底物；结合的区域是活性位点。高温或极端 pH 可导致变性——酶失去其特定形状。记住：’de-‘ 表示去除，’nature’ 指其天然形状。
Key digestive enzymes: Amylase (starch → maltose) in saliva and pancreas; Protease (protein → amino acids) in stomach; Lipase (lipids → fatty acids + glycerol) in small intestine. Terms like ‘mastication’ (chewing) and ‘peristalsis’ (wave-like muscle contractions) are also important.
关键消化酶：淀粉酶（淀粉 → 麦芽糖）存在于唾液和胰液；蛋白酶（蛋白质 → 氨基酸）在胃中；脂肪酶（脂质 → 脂肪酸 + 甘油）在小肠中。’mastication’（咀嚼）和 ‘peristalsis’（蠕动）等术语也很重要。
6. Plant Physiology Terms | 植物生理学术语
-
Photosynthesis: ‘photo-‘ light + ‘synthesis’ putting together. The process that uses light energy to convert CO₂ and H₂O into glucose and O₂. Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
光合作用：’photo-‘ 光 + ‘synthesis’ 组合。利用光能将 CO₂ 和 H₂O 转化为葡萄糖和 O₂ 的过程。方程式：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。
-
Chlorophyll: ‘chloro-‘ green + ‘phyll’ leaf. Green pigment that absorbs light energy.
叶绿素：’chloro-‘ 绿 + ‘phyll’ 叶。吸收光能的绿色色素。
-
Xylem and Phloem: xylem (from Greek ‘xylon’ wood) transports water and minerals upwards; phloem (from ‘phloios’ bark) transports sucrose and amino acids up and down. Tip: ‘xylem’ sounds like ‘zylum’ – water moves like a xylophone’s bars? Or think ‘xy’ for xeric/dry, water transport.
木质部 和 韧皮部：xylem 来自希腊语 ‘xylon’ 木材，向上运输水和矿物质；phloem 来自 ‘phloios’ 树皮，运输蔗糖和氨基酸。记忆技巧：’phloem’ 里有 ‘phlo’ 像 flow，流动食物。
-
Transpiration: loss of water vapour from leaves via stomata. Stomata (pores) are surrounded by guard cells that control opening.
蒸腾作用：水蒸气通过气孔从叶片散失。气孔由保卫细胞包围，控制开闭。
7. Human Body Systems: Key Terms | 人体系统关键术语
Circulatory system: Heart has four chambers – atria (upper) and ventricles (lower). Arteries carry blood away from the heart (think ‘A’ for away); veins carry blood toward the heart. Capillaries are tiny vessels where exchange occurs. Blood contains plasma and red cells with haemoglobin (haemo- blood, globin protein).
循环系统：心脏 有四个腔室——心房（上）和心室（下）。动脉 将血液运离心脏（’A’ 代表 away）；静脉 将血液送回心脏。毛细血管 是进行交换的微小血管。血液含有 血浆 和含 血红蛋白（haemo- 血，globin 蛋白）的红细胞。
Respiratory system: air enters through trachea, splits into bronchi (singular bronchus), then bronchioles, ending in alveoli (air sacs) where gas exchange happens. The diaphragm is a muscle sheet that helps ventilation. Remember: ‘ventilation’ is the movement of air; ‘respiration’ is the cellular release of energy – they are different!
呼吸系统：空气经 气管 进入，分支为 支气管（单数 bronchus），然后是细支气管，终止于进行气体交换的 肺泡（气囊）。膈肌 是辅助通气的肌肉片。记住：’ventilation’ 是空气的流动；’respiration’ 是细胞释放能量——它们不同！
Nervous system: Neurone (nerve cell) transmits impulses. A synapse is the gap between neurones. A reflex arc brings a rapid, automatic response. Excretory system: kidneys contain nephrons that filter blood and produce urine containing urea.
神经系统：神经元（神经细胞）传递冲动。突触 是神经元之间的间隙。反射弧 带来快速、自动的反应。排泄系统：肾脏含有 肾单位，过滤血液并产生含 尿素 的尿液。
8. Genetics Terminology | 遗传学术语
-
Gene: a section of DNA that codes for a protein. Allele: an alternative form of a gene.
基因：编码蛋白质的一段 DNA。等位基因：基因的一种替代形式。
-
Dominant allele masks the effect of a recessive allele. Use upper-case letter. Recessive only shows when two copies are present (lower-case).
显性 等位基因掩盖隐性等位基因的效应。用大写字母。只有当两个拷贝存在时，隐性 才表现出来（小写）。
-
Homozygous: ‘homo-‘ same, two identical alleles (e.g., AA or aa). Heterozygous: ‘hetero-‘ different, two different alleles (e.g., Aa).
纯合子：’homo-‘ 相同，两个相同等位基因 (AA 或 aa)。杂合子：’hetero-‘ 不同，两个不同等位基因 (Aa)。
-
Genotype: genetic makeup. Phenotype: physical expression (what you see).
基因型：遗传组成。表现型：物理表达（所见）。
-
Chromosome: coiled structure of DNA in the nucleus (humans have 46). Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells for growth; Meiosis produces four genetically different gametes with half the chromosome number.
染色体：细胞核内 DNA 的螺旋结构 (人类有 46 条)。有丝分裂 产生两个相同的子细胞用于生长；减数分裂 产生四个遗传上不同的配子，染色体数目减半。
9. Ecology Vocabulary | 生态学词汇
Learn the levels: Organism → Population (same species in an area) → Community (all populations) → Ecosystem (community + abiotic factors) → Biome → Biosphere. A habitat is where an organism lives; a niche is its role. Producers (plants) make food; consumers eat; decomposers break down dead matter.
学习层级：个体 → 种群（某区域同一物种）→ 群落（所有种群）→ 生态系统（群落 + 非生物因子）→ 生物群系 → 生物圈。栖息地 是生物生活的地方；生态位 是其角色。生产者（植物）制造食物；消费者摄取食物；分解者分解死物。
In a food chain or food web, arrows show energy flow. Trophic level indicates feeding position. Key cycles: Carbon cycle – remember photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, decomposition. Nitrogen cycle involves nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification. Suffix ‘-fication’ means making.
在 食物链 或 食物网 中，箭头表示能量流动。营养级 表示取食地位。关键循环：碳循环——记住光合作用、呼吸、燃烧、分解。氮循环涉及固氮作用、硝化作用、反硝化作用。后缀 ‘-fication’ 意为制造。
10. Roots, Prefixes & Suffixes Cheat Sheet | 词根词缀速查表
Many challenging terms become simple when you recognise their building blocks. Use this table to decode unfamiliar vocabulary.
许多难记的术语只要认出它们的构建块就会变得简单。使用此表来解码陌生词汇。
| Root / Prefix / Suffix | Meaning | 中文含义 | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| bio- | life | 生命 | biology |
| -logy | study of | 学科 | ecology |
| micro- / macro- | small / large | 微小 / 巨大 | microorganism, macromolecule |
| hyper- / hypo- | above / below | 超过 / 低于 | hypertonic, hypotonic |
| endo- / exo- | inside / outside | 内 / 外 | 更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
CommentsMore posts |
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导Cancel reply