Year 9 Edexcel Psychology: Core Knowledge Review | Year 9 Edexcel 心理学：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 9 Edexcel Psychology: Core Knowledge Review | Year 9 Edexcel 心理学：核心知识点梳理

Psychology is the fascinating scientific study of mind and behaviour. In Year 9, you begin exploring the core topics that will form the foundation for your Edexcel GCSE. This guide pulls together the essential knowledge areas, including research methods, memory, social influence, development, brain structure, and an introduction to mental health. Each section is designed to help you revise key theories, classic studies, and important terminology in a clear and structured way.

心理学是对心智和行为的迷人科学研究。在 Year 9，你将开始探索构成 Edexcel GCSE 基础的核心主题。本指南汇集了关键知识领域，包括研究方法、记忆、社会影响、发展、大脑结构以及心理健康导论。每个部分旨在帮助你以清晰、有条理的方式复习关键理论、经典研究和重要术语。

1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. It uses empirical methods to collect data, test hypotheses, and draw conclusions about why people think, feel, and act as they do. Unlike everyday opinions, psychological findings are based on observable evidence and rigorous research.

心理学被定义为对心智和行为的科学研究。它使用实证方法来收集数据、检验假设，并就人们为何这样思考、感受和行动得出结论。与日常观点不同，心理学的发现基于可观察的证据和严谨的研究。

The discipline includes many approaches, such as biological, cognitive, social, and developmental psychology. In Year 9, you focus on understanding how these approaches contribute to explaining human behaviour in different contexts.

这门学科包括许多取向，如生物心理学、认知心理学、社会心理学和发展心理学。在 Year 9，你重点理解这些取向如何有助于解释不同背景下的人类行为。

2. Research Methods: Experiments | 研究方法：实验法

Experiments are a key research method in psychology used to establish cause-and-effect relationships. In a typical experiment, the researcher manipulates an independent variable (IV) and measures its effect on a dependent variable (DV), while controlling other variables.

实验是心理学中用于确立因果关系的关键研究方法。在一个典型的实验中，研究者操纵自变量（IV），测量其对因变量（DV）的影响，同时控制其他变量。

There are three main types of experimental designs: independent groups design (different participants in each condition), repeated measures design (the same participants in all conditions), and matched pairs design (participants matched on key characteristics and then split between conditions). Each design has its own strengths, such as avoiding order effects, and weaknesses, such as participant variables.

实验设计主要有三种：独立组设计（每种条件使用不同的参与者）、重复测量设计（同一些参与者接受所有条件处理）、配对组设计（参与者在关键特征上匹配后分配到不同条件）。每种设计各有其优点，如避免顺序效应，以及缺点，如参与者变量影响。

A laboratory experiment is conducted in a controlled environment, offering high internal validity. A field experiment takes place in a natural setting, increasing ecological validity but reducing control over extraneous variables.

实验室实验在受控环境中进行，提供较高的内部效度。现场实验在自然环境中进行，提高了生态效度，但对外部变量的控制减弱。
Ethical considerations are essential: researchers must obtain informed consent, avoid deception unless justified, protect participants from harm, and ensure confidentiality. These principles are set by the British Psychological Society (BPS).

伦理考量至关重要：研究者必须获得知情同意，除非有正当理由否则避免欺骗，保护参与者免受伤害，并确保保密。这些原则由英国心理学会（BPS）制定。

3. Research Methods: Observations and Questionnaires | 研究方法：观察与问卷

Not all research involves experiments. Non-experimental methods such as observations and questionnaires are widely used in psychology to gather rich data, especially when experiments are impractical or unethical.

并非所有研究都涉及实验。观察和问卷等非实验方法在心理学中广泛使用，以收集丰富的数据，尤其在实验不可行或不道德的情况下。

Observations can be naturalistic (watching behaviour in a real-world setting without interference) or controlled (observing in a structured environment, often with one-way mirrors). They can also be participant observations, where the researcher joins the group being studied, or non-participant, where the researcher remains separate. A key challenge is observer bias; using structured coding schemes improves reliability.

观察可以是自然观察（在现实环境中不干涉地观看行为）或控制观察（在结构化环境中观察，常使用单向镜）。也可以是参与性观察，研究者加入被研究群体；或者非参与性观察，研究者保持独立。一个关键挑战是观察者偏见；使用结构化编码方案可以提高信度。

Questionnaires involve a set of written questions, often using closed questions (e.g. Likert scales) to collect quantitative data or open questions for qualitative data. They can reach a large sample quickly and cost-effectively, but they may suffer from social desirability bias—people may answer in ways they think are expected rather than truthfully.

问卷涉及一系列书面问题，常使用封闭式问题（例如李克特量表）收集定量数据，或开放式问题收集定性数据。它们可以快速、经济地接触大样本，但可能会受到社会期望偏差的影响——人们可能以他们认为符合期望的方式作答，而非真实回答。

4. Memory: The Multi-Store Model | 记忆：多储存模型

The multi-store model of memory was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). It describes memory as consisting of three separate stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Information flows through these stores in a linear sequence.

记忆的多储存模型由 Atkinson 和 Shiffrin（1968）提出。它将记忆描述为由三个独立储存库组成：感觉登记、短时记忆（STM）和长时记忆（LTM）。信息在这些储存库中以线性顺序流动。

The characteristics of each store are summarised in the table below.

各储存库的特征总结于下表。

Store 储存库	Capacity 容量	Duration 持续时间	Encoding 编码
Sensory register 感觉登记	Very large 非常大	0.5 seconds (approx.) 约 0.5 秒	Sense-specific (e.g. iconic, echoic) 感觉特异性（如图像、听觉）
Short-term memory (STM) 短时记忆	7 ± 2 chunks 7 ± 2 个组块	18-30 seconds 18-30 秒	Mainly acoustic 主要为听觉
Long-term memory (LTM) 长时记忆	Potentially unlimited 潜在无限	Up to a lifetime 可达终身	Mainly semantic 主要为语义

Information moves from sensory register to STM only if we pay attention to it. Rehearsal (especially maintenance rehearsal) keeps information in STM and helps transfer it to LTM. Evidence for the model includes the serial position effect, where we tend to remember the first (primacy) and last (recency) items in a list, supporting the idea of separate stores.

信息只有在我们注意它时才会从感觉登记进入短时记忆。复述（尤其是保持性复述）使信息保持在短时记忆中，并有助于将其转入长时记忆。支持该模型的证据包括系列位置效应，即我们倾向于记住列表中的开头（首因效应）和末尾（近因效应）项目，这支持了储存库分离的观点。

5. Memory: Forgetting and Interference | 记忆：遗忘与干扰

Forgetting in STM can often be explained through displacement—new information pushes out existing information because STM has a limited capacity. In LTM, forgetting is frequently due to interference, where memories disrupt the recall of other memories.

短时记忆中的遗忘通常可以用位移来解释——新信息挤出原有信息，因为短时记忆容量有限。在长时记忆中，遗忘常常归因于干扰，即某些记忆干扰了其他记忆的提取。

There are two types of interference: proactive interference occurs when older memories make it harder to recall new information; retroactive interference happens when newly learned information disrupts the recall of older memories. These effects are more likely when the material is similar in nature.

干扰有两种类型：前摄干扰是指旧记忆使回忆新信息变得更加困难；倒摄干扰是指新学到的信息干扰了对旧记忆的提取。当材料的性质相似时，这些效应更可能出现。

Context-dependent forgetting suggests that we recall information better when we are in the same environment where we first learned it. This was demonstrated in Godden and Baddeley’s (1975) study with divers, who recalled words more effectively when tested in the same environment (underwater or on land) as learning.

情境依赖遗忘表明，当我们在与最初学习信息相同的环境中时，能更好地回忆信息。Godden 和 Baddeley（1975）对潜水员的研究证明了这一点，潜水员在与学习环境相同的情境（水下或陆地）下测试时，能更有效地回忆单词。

6. Social Influence: Conformity | 社会影响：从众

Conformity is a type of social influence where an individual changes their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviours to fit in with the majority. Asch (1951) conducted a famous study to investigate conformity to group pressure.

从众是一种社会影响类型，个体改变其态度、信念或行为以与多数人保持一致。Asch（1951）进行了一项著名研究，以调查对群体压力的从众性。

In Asch’s experiment, participants were asked to judge line lengths in a room with confederates who deliberately gave wrong answers. About 75% of participants conformed at least once, giving an answer they knew was incorrect to align with the group. The overall conformity rate was around 32% across critical trials.

在 Asch 的实验中，参与者被要求在一个有同谋者的房间里判断线段的长度，这些同谋故意给出错误答案。约 75% 的参与者至少从众了一次，给出了他们明知错误的答案以与群体保持一致。在关键试验中，总体从众率约为 32%。

Factors affecting conformity include group size (conformity increases up to about 4-5 confederates, after which it levels off), unanimity (if there is one dissenter, conformity drops sharply), and task difficulty (when the task is harder, people look to others for guidance, raising conformity). This is referred to as informational social influence, whereas the desire to be liked or accepted is normative social influence.

影响从众的因素包括群体规模（从众性在约 4-5 名同谋者时上升并趋于平稳）、一致性（如果有一人持不同意见，从众性急剧下降）、任务难度（任务更难时，人们依赖他人指引，从众性提高）。这被称为信息性社会影响，而希望被喜欢或接受则是规范性社会影响。

7. Social Influence: Obedience | 社会影响：服从

Obedience involves following a direct order from an authority figure, even if it goes against one’s personal morals. Stanley Milgram (1963) conducted a shocking (literally and figuratively) experiment to test obedience to authority.

服从涉及遵从权威人物的直接命令，即使这与个人道德相悖。Stanley Milgram（1963）进行了一项令人震惊（字面意义和比喻意义上）的实验，以测试对权威的服从。

In Milgram’s baseline study, ‘teachers’ were ordered to administer increasingly strong electric shocks to a ‘learner’ (a confederate) for wrong answers. Despite hearing screams of pain, 65% of participants continued to the maximum 450-volt level, believing they were causing harm. The experiment highlighted the powerful pressure to obey, particularly within a prestigious setting (Yale University) and when the authority figure wore a lab coat and took responsibility.

在 Milgram 的基础研究中，“教师”被命令对“学习者”（同谋者）的错误答案施加越来越强的电击。尽管听到痛苦的尖叫，仍有 65% 的参与者继续到最大 450 伏特水平，相信自己造成了伤害。该实验突显了服从的强大压力，尤其是在声望较高（耶鲁大学）且权威人物身穿实验服并承担责任的情境下。

Key variations showed reducing proximity to the learner (e.g., teacher had to force the learner’s hand onto the shock plate) decreased obedience to 30%, and moving the experiment to a run-down office building reduced obedience to 48%. The presence of disobedient peers also dramatically lowered obedience levels. These factors help our understanding of destructive obedience in real-life situations.

关键变体显示，减少与学习者的接近程度（例如教师被迫将学习者的手按在电击板上）使服从率降至 30%，将实验移至破旧办公楼使服从率降至 48%。不服从同伴的存在也显著降低了服从水平。这些因素有助于我们理解现实生活中的破坏性服从。

8. Development: Attachment Theory | 发展：依恋理论

Attachment is a deep emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregiver. John Bowlby proposed that attachment is an adaptive and innate system that evolved to keep infants close to caregivers for survival. His maternal deprivation hypothesis (1951) argued that breaking this bond early in life could have long-term consequences, including emotional maladjustment and delinquency.

依恋是婴儿与其主要照顾者之间形成的深刻情感纽带。John Bowlby 提出，依恋是一种适应性和先天的系统，通过进化使婴儿靠近照顾者以确保生存。他的母性剥夺假说（1951）认为，生命早期打破这种纽带可能会产生长远后果，包括情感失调和犯罪倾向。

Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation procedure to observe attachment types in 12-18 month-olds. She identified three main patterns: secure attachment (child explores freely while caregiver is present, shows distress at separation, and is comforted on return), insecure-avoidant attachment (child ignores caregiver and shows little distress when left), and insecure-resistant attachment (child clings and is difficult to soothe upon return). A fourth type, disorganised attachment, was later added.

Mary Ainsworth 开发了陌生情境程序，以观察 12-18 个月大婴儿的依恋类型。她确定了三种主要模式：安全依恋（照看者在场时儿童自由探索，分离时表现出痛苦，重聚时得到安慰）、不安全-回避型依恋（儿童忽视照看者，离开时表现出很少痛苦）、不安全-抵抗型依恋（儿童紧缠不放，回来后难以抚慰）。第四种类型——混乱型依恋，后来被补充。

Cultural variations exist, with some cultures showing higher rates of insecure-resistant attachment due to different child-rearing practices. The theory supports the link between early attachment and later relationships, known as the internal working model.

存在文化差异，一些文化由于不同的育儿方式表现出较高比率的不安全-抵抗型依恋。该理论支持早期依恋与后期关系之间的联系，称为内部工作模型。

9. Brain and Behaviour: Structure of the Nervous System | 大脑与行为：神经系统的结构

The human nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which connects the CNS to the rest of the body. The PNS is further split into the somatic (voluntary control of muscles) and autonomic (involuntary functions) branches.

人类神经系统分为中枢神经系统（CNS），由脑和脊髓组成，以及周围神经系统（PNS），将中枢神经系统与身体其他部分连接起来。周围神经系统进一步分为躯体分支（肌肉的随意控制）和自主分支（非自主功能）。

The autonomic nervous system contains the sympathetic division (activates fight-or-flight response: increased heart rate, dilated pupils, adrenaline release) and the parasympathetic division (rest and digest: returns body to a calm state after arousal). These two systems work antagonistically to maintain homeostasis.

自主神经系统包含交感神经分支（激活战斗或逃跑反应：心率加快、瞳孔放大、肾上腺素释放）和副交感神经分支（休息和消化：使身体在兴奋后恢复平静）。这两个系统相互拮抗以维持体内平衡。

Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system. A typical neuron has a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits impulses. Communication between neurons occurs at synapses via neurotransmitters. Key neurotransmitters studied at this level include serotonin (mood regulation) and dopamine (pleasure and reward).

神经元是神经系统的构建基础。一个典型的神经元具有细胞体、接收信号的树突和传递冲动的轴突。神经元之间的通信在突触处通过神经递质进行。在本阶段研究的关键神经递质包括血清素（情绪调节）和多巴胺（愉悦与奖赏）。

10. Psychological Problems: Introduction to Mental Health | 心理问题：心理健康概述

Mental health is not simply the absence of illness; it refers to a state of well-being in which an individual realises their own abilities, can cope with normal life stresses, work productively, and contribute to their community. The Edexcel specification introduces common mental health problems such as depression and addiction.

心理健康不仅仅是没有疾病；它指的是一种幸福状态，个体在其中认识到自己的能力，可以应对正常的生活压力，富有成效地工作，并为社区做出贡献。Edexcel 课程大纲介绍了常见的心理健康问题，如抑郁症和成瘾。

Depression is a mood disorder characterised by persistent low mood, loss of interest or pleasure (anhedonia), changes in appetite or sleep, and negative thinking. Biological explanations focus on neurotransmitter imbalances, especially low serotonin levels. Psychological explanations consider negative schemas and learned helplessness, where a person feels unable to control outcomes based on past experiences.

抑郁症是一种心境障碍，特征为持续的情绪低落、兴趣或愉悦丧失（快感缺失）、食欲或睡眠改变以及消极思维。生物学解释侧重于神经递质失衡，尤其是血清素水平低下。心理学解释考虑到负性图式和习得性无助，即个体基于过去经历感到无法控制结果。

Addiction is a disorder where an individual continues to engage in a behaviour or substance use despite negative consequences. It can involve substance dependence (e.g. alcohol, nicotine) or behavioural addiction (e.g. gambling). Factors contributing to addiction include genetics, peer pressure, and psychological vulnerabilities such as high impulsivity.

成瘾是一种障碍，个体尽管有负面后果仍持续从事某种行为或使用物质。它可能涉及物质依赖（如酒精、尼古丁）或行为成瘾（如赌博）。导致成瘾的因素包括遗传、同伴压力以及心理脆弱性（如高冲动性）。

Treatment approaches range from medication (e.g. antidepressants) to psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). CBT helps individuals identify and challenge irrational thoughts and replace them with healthier thinking patterns.

治疗方法从药物（如抗抑郁药）到心理治疗，如认知行为疗法（CBT）。CBT 帮助个体识别并挑战非理性想法，并用更健康的思维模式取代。

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Year 9 Edexcel Psychology: Core Knowledge Review | Year 9 Edexcel 心理学：核心知识点梳理