📚 Year 9 OCR Politics: Key Terms Quick-Reference Guide | Year 9 OCR 政治：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the specialised vocabulary of politics is the first step towards understanding how power, government and society interact. This guide presents essential OCR Year 9 terminology with simple definitions, memorable examples and cross-language links to help you retain each term quickly and accurately.
掌握政治学的专业词汇是理解权力、政府和社会如何互动的第一步。本指南列出 OCR Year 9 核心术语，用简单的定义、易记的例子和双语对照帮助你快速准确地记住每一个词。
1. Democracy and Representation | 民主与代表制
Democracy is a system of government in which the people hold the ultimate power, either by voting directly on decisions or by electing representatives to act on their behalf. A direct democracy lets citizens vote on laws themselves, while a representative democracy delegates that power to chosen officials.
民主是一种人民拥有最终权力的政府制度，他们可以直接对决策进行投票，也可以选举代表代为行事。直接民主让公民自己投票决定法律，而代议制民主则把权力委托给选出的官员。
A constituency is a specific geographic area represented by an elected MP. When you vote in a general election, you choose the candidate who will represent your constituency in Parliament, making representation directly tied to place.
选区是一个具体的地理区域，由一名当选的议员代表。当你在大选中投票时，你选择的是将在议会中代表你所在选区的候选人，代表制因此与地点直接挂钩。
A mandate is the authority granted by voters to a winning candidate or party to carry out their stated policies. The stronger the majority, the clearer the mandate – an idea that can be remembered as ‘more seats, more permission’.
授权是选民赋予获胜候选人或政党实施其主张政策的权力。多数优势越大，授权就越明确——可以记作“席位越多，准可越大”。
2. Government and Parliament | 政府与议会
Government refers to the group of people who run the country day to day, led by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. Parliament, in contrast, is the wider law-making body made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the monarch.
政府指日常管理国家的团队，由首相和内阁领导。而议会是更广泛的立法机构，由下议院、上议院和君主组成。
The executive is the branch of government responsible for implementing laws and making policy decisions. You can remember it as the ‘do-er’ branch: it executes. The legislature, or Parliament, makes the laws, while the judiciary interprets them.
行政机关是负责执行法律和制定政策的政府分支。你可以把它记为“做事”的部门：它执行。立法机关（议会）制定法律，而司法机关负责解释法律。
The House of Commons is the elected chamber of Parliament, where Members of Parliament debate and vote on proposed laws. The House of Lords is unelected, serves a revising role, and acts as a check on the Commons – think ‘revise and review’.
下议院是议会中经选举产生的议院，议员在此就法律草案进行辩论和投票。上议院不经选举产生，发挥审修作用，对下议院形成制约——可以想成“审查与复核”。
3. Power and Authority | 权力与权威
Power is the ability to influence or control the behaviour of people and institutions, even against resistance. Authority is power that is widely accepted as legitimate and rightful. A police officer has authority to direct traffic; a random stranger does not – the difference is legitimacy.
权力是影响或控制人和机构行为的能力，即使遇到抵抗。权威是公认合法正当的权力。一名警察有权指挥交通，而一个陌生路人则没有——差异在于合法性。
Legitimacy means that a government, ruler or decision is lawful and accepted by the people. In a democracy, legitimacy comes from free and fair elections. A government that seizes power by force lacks legitimacy.
合法性意味着一个政府、统治者或决定是合法且被人民认可的。在民主国家，合法性来自自由公正的选举。通过武力夺取政权的政府缺乏合法性。
Sovereignty is the supreme and unrestricted power of a state to govern itself. In the UK, parliamentary sovereignty means Parliament can make or unmake any law, and no other body can override it. Memorise it as ‘Parliament is top’.
主权是一个国家治理自身的最高且不受限制的权力。在英国，议会主权意味着议会可以制定或废除任何法律，其他机构无权推翻。可以记为“议会最大”。
4. Rights and Responsibilities | 权利与责任
Rights are legal, social or ethical freedoms and entitlements that belong to people. In the UK, the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law, protecting rights such as the right to a fair trial and freedom of expression.
权利是属於人民的法律、社会或道德自由和应享待遇。在英国，《1998 年人权法》将《欧洲人权公约》纳入国内法，保护公平审判权和言论自由等权利。
Responsibilities are duties citizens are expected to fulfil, such as paying taxes, serving on a jury, and obeying the law. Rights and responsibilities are often seen as two sides of the same coin: enjoying rights comes with obligations to others.
责任是公民应履行的义务，例如纳税、担任陪审员和遵守法律。权利与责任常被视为一枚硬币的正反面：享有权利的同时也对他人负有义务。
Civil liberties are fundamental freedoms that protect individuals from state overreach – including the right to protest, privacy, and freedom of thought. They act as a shield between the citizen and government power.
公民自由是保护个人免受国家权力过度侵害的基本自由，包括抗议权、隐私和思想自由。它们相当于在公民与政府权力之间的一面盾牌。
5. Political Participation | 政治参与
Political participation covers all the ways citizens can get involved in shaping political decisions: voting in elections, joining a political party, protesting, signing petitions, and even standing for office. The wider the participation, the healthier the democracy.
政治参与涵盖公民参与影响政治决策的所有途径：选举投票、加入政党、抗议、签署请愿书甚至参选公职。参与面越广，民主就越健全。
Turnout is the percentage of registered voters who actually cast a ballot in an election. Low turnout can weaken a government’s mandate and raise questions about the democratic health of a system.
投票率是实际在选举中投票的登记选民百分比。低投票率会削弱政府的授权，并引发对制度民主健康状况的质疑。
A referendum is a direct vote in which the entire electorate is asked to decide on a single political question, such as the 2016 Brexit referendum. It is a tool of direct democracy within a predominantly representative system.
公投是全体选民就被问及的单一政治问题进行直接投票，例如 2016 年的脱欧公投。它是在一个以代议制为主的制度中出现的直接民主工具。
6. The Rule of Law | 法治
The rule of law is the principle that everyone – including the government – is subject to the law and must obey it. It ensures that law, not the arbitrary whim of a ruler, governs a society. No one is above the law.
法治是一项原则，即所有人，包括政府，都受法律约束并必须遵守法律。它确保社会由法律而非统治者的恣意支配。无人凌驾於法律之上。
Key elements of the rule of law include: laws being clear and publicly known; equal application of laws; independent courts; and fair procedures. These can be recalled with the mnemonic ‘CLEAR’: Clarity, Legality, Equality, Access, Rights.
法治的关键要素包括：法律明确且公开；法律平等适用；法院独立；程序公正。可以用首字母缩写“CLEAR”记忆：清晰度 (Clarity)、合法性 (Legality)、平等 (Equality)、途径 (Access)、权利 (Rights)。
7. Justice and Equality | 正义与平等
Justice means fair treatment and outcomes according to the law. Social justice goes further, aiming for a fair distribution of wealth, opportunities and privileges within a society. A just society removes barriers that hold groups back.
正义意味着依法公正对待和取得公正结果。社会正义更进一步，追求在一个社会内财富、机会和特权的公平分配。一个正义的社会会消除阻碍群体发展的障碍。
Equality is the state of being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities. In politics this often refers to equality before the law, political equality (one person, one vote), and efforts to reduce social and economic inequalities.
平等是平等存在的状态，尤其在地位、权利和机会方面。在政治上，这常指法律面前人人平等、政治平等（一人一票），以及减少社会和经济不平等的努力。
8. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度
First Past the Post is a voting system in which the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins. The winner does not need an absolute majority (over 50%), only more votes than any other candidate. It tends to produce strong, single-party governments.
简单多数制是一种投票制度，每个选区中得票最多的候选人获胜。胜者不需要绝对多数（超过 50%），只需票数多於其他任何候选人。这种制度往往产生强有力的单一政党政府。
Proportional representation (PR) systems aim to match the proportion of seats a party wins to the proportion of votes it receives nationally. Variants include the single transferable vote and the additional member system. PR often leads to coalition governments.
比例代表制旨在使政党赢得的席位比例与其在全国获得的选票比例相匹配。形式包括单一可转移投票和补充议员制。比例代表制通常导致联合政府。
9. Political Parties | 政党
A political party is an organised group of people with similar political aims and opinions, seeking to gain power by getting its candidates elected to office. Parties develop a manifesto outlining their policy pledges ahead of an election.
政党是一群有着相似政治目标和观点的人组成的团体，通过让其候选人当选来谋求权力。政党在大选前会制定一份宣言，列出其政策承诺。
The political spectrum is a way of classifying political positions along a line from left to right. Left-wing views generally support greater equality and a larger role for the state, while right-wing views favour individual freedom, lower taxes and tradition.
政治光谱是一种沿从左到右轴线划分政治立场的方法。左翼观点通常支持更大的平等和更广泛的国家角色，而右翼观点则偏好个人自由、低税收和传统。
10. Citizenship and Identity | 公民身份与认同
Citizenship is a legal status that grants an individual membership in a state, along with a set of rights and duties. Active citizenship goes beyond legal status, involving individuals in democratic processes and community action.
公民身份是一种法律地位，赋予个人在一个国家的成员资格，并伴有一系列权利与义务。积极的公民身份超越法律地位，让个人参与民主进程和社区行动。
National identity refers to a sense of belonging to a nation, shaped by shared history, culture, language and symbols. Multiple identities can coexist: someone may identify as Scottish, British and European simultaneously.
国民认同指对一个国家的归属感，由共同的历史、文化、语言和符号塑造。多重认同可以共存：一个人可能同时认同苏格兰人、英国人和欧洲人。
11. The Constitution | 宪法
A constitution is a set of fundamental principles and rules that establish how a state is governed. The UK has an uncodified constitution, meaning it is not written in a single document but is found across statutes, conventions, court judgements and authoritative works.
宪法是一套确立国家治理方式的基本原则和规则。英国拥有一部不成文宪法，意味着它并非写在一份单一文件中，而是分布在法规、惯例、法院判决和权威著作之中。
Constitutional conventions are unwritten rules that are nonetheless binding in practice, such as the convention that the monarch appoints as Prime Minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the Commons. Breaking a convention creates a constitutional crisis.
宪法惯例是不成文但具有实际约束力的规则，例如君主任命最有可能获得下议院信任的人为首相的惯例。打破惯例会引发宪政危机。
12. Pressure Groups and Advocacy | 压力团体与倡导
Pressure groups are organisations that seek to influence government policy without seeking to hold office. They differ from political parties: they focus on specific issues (e.g. environment, human rights) rather than the full range of governance.
压力团体是不谋求执政但寻求影响政府政策的组织。它们不同於政党：它们专注特定议题（如环境、人权），而非全方位的治理。
Insider groups have regular, privileged access to policymakers and work within the system, such as the British Medical Association. Outsider groups operate outside established channels, often using protests and media campaigns to gain attention, like Extinction Rebellion.
内部团体拥有与决策者定期、特权性的接触，并在体制内运作，如英国医学会。外部团体则在既定渠道之外运作，常通过抗议和媒体宣传来获得关注，如“反抗灭绝”。
Published by TutorHao | Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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