📚 Year 9 WJEC Biology: Core Knowledge Overview | WJEC 九年级生物：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your Year 9 WJEC Biology revision guide. This article brings together the most important ideas you will meet this year – from the building blocks of life inside cells, to the way whole ecosystems function. Understanding these core topics will give you a strong foundation for GCSE and beyond.
欢迎阅读你的九年级 WJEC 生物复习指南。这篇文章整理了今年你会遇到的最重要的知识点——从细胞内部的生命基石，到整个生态系统的运作方式。理解这些核心主题会为你打下扎实的基础，助力 GCSE 及以后的学习。
1. Cells and Microscopy | 细胞与显微镜
All living things are made of cells. Plant and animal cells share common structures such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane, but plant cells also have a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large permanent vacuole.
所有生物都由细胞构成。植物细胞和动物细胞都有细胞核、细胞质和细胞膜等共同结构，但植物细胞还有坚硬的细胞壁、叶绿体和一个大液泡。
Microscopes allow us to see cells. You need to know how to prepare a slide, focus with the coarse and fine adjustments, and calculate magnification using the formula:
显微镜让我们能够观察到细胞。你需要学会如何制作玻片标本、用粗准焦螺旋和细准焦螺旋调焦，并能用以下公式计算放大倍数：
Magnification = Eyepiece lens × Objective lens
放大倍数 = 目镜倍数 × 物镜倍数
2. Cell Specialisation and Diffusion | 细胞分化与扩散
Multicellular organisms have specialised cells, each adapted to a particular job. For example, red blood cells have no nucleus and contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen, while root hair cells have long extensions to absorb water and minerals.
多细胞生物的细胞高度分化，每种细胞适应特定的功能。例如，红细胞没有细胞核并含有血红蛋白以运输氧气，而根毛细胞具有长长的突起，用于吸收水分和矿物质。
Substances move into and out of cells by diffusion – the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is a passive process; it does not require energy.
物质通过扩散进出细胞——粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动。扩散是一种被动过程，不需要消耗能量。
3. Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems | 组织、器官和器官系统
Specialised cells are organized into tissues, tissues form organs, and organs work together in systems. In the human body, the digestive system breaks down food. The stomach is an organ made of muscular tissue (to churn food) and glandular tissue (to secrete enzymes and acid).
分化后的细胞形成组织，组织构成器官，器官再协同组成系统。在人体内，消化系统负责分解食物。胃是一个器官，由肌肉组织（搅拌食物）和腺体组织（分泌酶和胃酸）共同构成。
In plants, leaves are organs composed of epidermal, mesophyll, and vascular tissues. The xylem carries water and minerals upward, while the phloem transports sugars throughout the plant.
在植物中，叶子是由表皮组织、叶肉组织和维管组织构成的器官。木质部向上运输水分和矿物质，而韧皮部则将糖分输送到植物的各个部分。
4. The Human Digestive System and Enzymes | 人体消化系统与酶
Digestion breaks large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble ones that can be absorbed into the blood. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up these reactions without being used up.
消化过程将大分子不溶性物质分解为小分子可溶性物质，以便吸收进入血液。酶是生物催化剂，能在不被消耗的情况下加速这些反应。
Key digestive enzymes include amylase (breaks down starch into maltose in the mouth and small intestine), protease (breaks down proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine), and lipase (breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine).
关键的消化酶包括淀粉酶（在口腔和小肠将淀粉分解为麦芽糖）、蛋白酶（在胃和小肠将蛋白质分解为氨基酸）和脂肪酶（在小肠将脂肪分解为脂肪酸和甘油）。
The ‘lock and key’ model explains enzyme specificity: each enzyme’s active site is a specific shape that only fits a particular substrate.
“锁钥模型”能解释酶的专一性：每个酶的活性位点具有特定形状，只能与特定的底物结合。
5. The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems | 循环系统与呼吸系统
The heart is a double pump that sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Blood flows through arteries (away from the heart), veins (toward the heart) and capillaries (tiny vessels where exchange happens).
心脏是一个双泵器官，将缺氧血送往肺部，将富氧血送往全身各处。血液流经动脉（出心脏）、静脉（回心脏）和毛细血管（进行物质交换的微小血管）。
In the lungs, gas exchange takes place in the alveoli. Oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out. The alveoli are adapted by having thin walls, a large surface area, and a rich blood supply.
在肺部，气体交换发生在肺泡里。氧气扩散进入血液，二氧化碳扩散出去。肺泡具有薄壁、较大的表面积和丰富的血液供应等适应性特征。
6. Plant Nutrition: Photosynthesis | 植物营养：光合作用
Plants make their own food through photosynthesis. The word equation is:
植物通过光合作用制造自身所需的养分。文字方程式为：
Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气
(Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll to drive the reaction.) The balanced symbol equation is: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature are the main limiting factors.
（光能被叶绿素吸收以驱动反应。）平衡化学方程式为：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度是主要限制因素。
The glucose produced is used immediately for respiration, stored as starch, or converted into other substances like cellulose and proteins.
生成的葡萄糖立即用于呼吸作用，或储存为淀粉，也可转化为纤维素和蛋白质等其他物质。
7. Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration | 有氧呼吸与无氧呼吸
Respiration releases energy from glucose. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and releases a large amount of energy:
呼吸作用从葡萄糖中释放能量。有氧呼吸利用氧气，释放大量能量：
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water (+ energy)
葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 能量）
In muscle cells during vigorous exercise, anaerobic respiration provides energy without oxygen, producing lactic acid (which causes muscle fatigue). The equation is: Glucose → Lactic acid (+ some energy).
在剧烈运动时的肌肉细胞中，无氧呼吸在缺氧条件下提供能量，产生乳酸（导致肌肉疲劳）。其方程式为：葡萄糖 → 乳酸（+ 较少能量）。
In yeast, anaerobic respiration (fermentation) produces ethanol and carbon dioxide, used in baking and brewing.
在酵母中，无氧呼吸（发酵）产生乙醇和二氧化碳，可用于烘焙和酿造。
8. Reproduction and the Menstrual Cycle | 生殖与月经周期
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to form a zygote. In flowering plants, pollination leads to fertilisation, and the ovary develops into a fruit.
有性生殖涉及雄配子和雌配子（精子和卵子）的结合，形成受精卵。在开花植物中，传粉导致受精，然后子房发育成果实。
The human menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone. It typically lasts 28 days and involves the thickening of the uterus lining, ovulation (release of an egg around day 14), and menstruation if fertilisation does not occur.
人类月经周期由雌激素和孕激素等激素调控。典型的周期为 28 天，包括子宫内膜增厚、排卵（约在第 14 天释放卵子）以及未受精时的月经来潮。
9. Genetics and Inheritance | 遗传与继承
Our characteristics are determined by genes located on chromosomes inside the nucleus. A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a particular protein. Alleles are different versions of a gene.
我们的特征由细胞核内染色体上的基因决定。基因是编码特定蛋白质的一段 DNA。等位基因是同一基因的不同版本。
Genotype refers to the alleles an individual has (e.g., BB, Bb, or bb), while phenotype is the observable characteristic. A dominant allele masks the effect of a recessive allele. Punnett squares can predict the probability of offspring inheriting certain traits.
基因型指个体拥有的等位基因组合（如 BB、Bb 或 bb），而表型是能被观察到的特征表现。显性等位基因会掩盖隐性等位基因的效应。可以用庞纳特方格预测后代遗传特定性状的概率。
10. Variation and Evolution | 变异与进化
Individuals in a species show variation due to genetic factors, environmental factors, or both. Some variation is continuous (e.g., height), while other variation is discontinuous (e.g., blood group).
同一物种内的个体表现出变异，可源于遗传因素、环境因素或两者兼有。有些变异是连续的（如身高），而其他变异是不连续的（如血型）。
Natural selection explains evolution. Organisms with advantageous characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those favourable genes to the next generation. Over time, this leads to changes in the species or the formation of new species.
自然选择解释了进化的过程。具有有利特征的生物更可能生存和繁殖，并将这些有利基因传递给下一代。随着时间的推移，这会导致物种的改变或新物种的形成。
11. Ecosystems and Interdependence | 生态系统与相互依存
An ecosystem includes all the living organisms (community) and the physical environment they interact with. Producers (like plants) start food chains by capturing the Sun’s energy through photosynthesis.
生态系统包括所有生物（群落）以及它们与之互动的物理环境。生产者（如植物）通过光合作用捕获太阳能，开启食物链。
Consumers eat other organisms: primary consumers eat producers, secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and so on. Food webs show the interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem. Decomposers break down dead material, recycling nutrients back into the soil.
消费者以其他生物为食：初级消费者吃生产者，次级消费者吃初级消费者，以此类推。食物网展示了生态系统中复杂的捕食关系。分解者分解死去的物质，将养分循环回土壤。
12. Health, Disease and Lifestyle | 健康、疾病与生活方式
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Communicable diseases are caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists) and can be spread. Non-communicable diseases are not infectious; they include conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
健康是身体、心理和社会适应方面的完好状态。传染病由病原体（细菌、病毒、真菌或原生生物）引起，并可传播。非传染性疾病不具有感染性，包括心脏病、糖尿病和癌症等疾病。
Lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, smoking, and alcohol consumption can affect the risk of non-communicable diseases. For instance, a poor diet high in saturated fat can lead to coronary heart disease, while smoking damages lungs and increases the risk of cancer.
饮食、锻炼、吸烟和饮酒等生活方式因素会影响非传染性疾病的风险。例如，富含饱和脂肪的不良饮食可能导致冠心病，而吸烟会损害肺部并增加患癌风险。
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