📚 AQA GCSE Business Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | AQA 商务术语速记指南
Master the essential terms for Year 10 AQA GCSE Business with this bilingual quick-memorisation guide. Each key concept is explained clearly in English and Chinese, paired with memorable hooks, mnemonics and real-business connections. Whether you are preparing for end-of-topic tests or building a foundation for Year 11, this resource turns tricky terminology into lasting understanding.
通过这本中英双语速记指南，掌握 AQA GCSE 商务 Year 10 的核心术语。每一个关键概念都用英文和中文清晰解释，并搭配记忆钩子、助记符和真实商业联系。无论你是在准备单元测试还是为 Year 11 打下基础，这份资料都能把晦涩的术语转化为持久的理解。
1. Business Basics: Enterprise and Ownership | 商业基础：创业与所有权
Enterprise is the ability to spot a business opportunity, take calculated risks and organise resources to create goods or services. An entrepreneur is the person who does this, often using their own initiative and accepting financial uncertainty.
企业精神 是发现商业机会、承担有计划的风险并组织资源来提供商品或服务的能力。企业家 就是践行企业精神的人，他们通常主动出击，并接受财务上的不确定性。
Sole trader is a business owned and run by one person. The owner keeps all profits but has unlimited liability, meaning personal assets can be used to pay business debts.
个体户 是由一个人拥有和经营的生意。业主独享利润，但承担无限责任，意味着个人资产可能被用来偿还企业债务。
Partnership involves 2-20 people sharing ownership. A Deed of Partnership outlines rights and profit shares. Like sole traders, most partners have unlimited liability unless a sleeping partner is involved.
合伙制 由 2 至 20 人共同拥有。一份合伙契约会规定各方的权利和利润分配。与个体户一样，大多数合伙人承担无限责任，除非有隐名合伙人加入。
Private limited company (Ltd) is a separate legal entity from its owners (shareholders). Shares are sold privately, and shareholders have limited liability. Remember: ‘Ltd = Limited liability but Limited sale of shares.’
私人有限公司 (Ltd) 是与所有者（股东）独立的法律实体。股份不公开出售，股东享有有限责任。记住：’Ltd = 有限责任 + 受限的股份转让’。
Franchise allows one business (the franchisee) to use the trademarks, products and systems of an established brand (the franchisor) in return for fees and a share of revenue. Think: ‘Buying a business recipe in a box.’
特许经营 允许一个企业（加盟商）使用已建品牌（特许人）的商标、产品和体系，代价是支付加盟费和营收分成。想象成“购买一盒商业配方”。
2. Business Aims, Objectives and Growth | 企业宗旨、目标与成长
Aims are the general long-term goals a business wants to achieve, such as ‘become market leader’. Objectives are specific, measurable steps that help achieve the aims, often following the SMART rule (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound).
宗旨 是企业希望达成的总体长期目标，例如“成为市场领导者”。目标 是为实现宗旨而制定的具体、可衡量的步骤，通常遵循 SMART 原则（具体、可衡量、可实现、相关、有时限）。
Common financial objectives include profit maximisation, increasing market share, and achieving break-even. Non-financial objectives can be social enterprise goals, such as reducing environmental impact or supporting a community.
常见的财务目标包括利润最大化、扩大市场份额和达到盈亏平衡。非财务目标可以是社会企业目标，例如减少环境影响或支持社区。
A business can grow through organic growth (internal expansion, e.g. opening new stores) or inorganic growth (external methods like mergers and takeovers). Merger combines two firms; takeover means one buys control of another.
企业可以通过有机增长（内部扩张，如开设新店）或外部增长（如兼并和收购）来实现成长。兼并是两家公司合并；收购是指一家企业取得对另一家的控股权。
To memorise growth methods, use the phrase ‘Grow Inside or Take Over’: ‘Inside’ for organic, ‘Take Over’ for mergers and takeovers.
为了记忆成长方式，使用短语“内部生长或外部接管”：内部对应有机增长，外部接管对应兼并和收购。
3. Stakeholders: Who Cares About the Business? | 利益相关者：谁关心企业？
A stakeholder is any individual or group affected by or having an interest in the activities of a business. Key stakeholders can be recalled with the mnemonic C.L.O.G.S.: Customers, Local community, Owners, Government, Suppliers and Employees.
利益相关者 是任何受企业活动影响或对其有兴趣的个人或群体。可以用助记符 C.L.O.G.S. 记住主要利益相关者：顾客、当地社区、所有者、政府、供应商和员工。
Owners/shareholders want high profits and dividends. Employees seek job security, fair pay and good conditions. Customers look for quality products at low prices. The local community might worry about pollution or traffic, while the government expects tax collection and compliance with laws. Suppliers want reliable orders and prompt payment.
所有者/股东 希望高利润和高股息。员工 追求工作稳定、合理薪酬和良好条件。顾客 追求价廉物美。当地社区 可能担心污染或交通问题，而政府 期望企业纳税并遵守法律。供应商 则希望获得可靠订单和及时付款。
Conflict often arises when decisions satisfy one stakeholder group but harm another, for example cutting staff pay to raise profit pleases owners but demotivates employees.
当某项决策满足了一方利益相关者却损害了另一方时，冲突就会出现，例如削减员工薪酬以提升利润，这会让所有者高兴却打击员工的积极性。
4. Marketing: The 4Ps and Market Research | 营销：4P 与市场调研
Marketing is about identifying customer needs and satisfying them profitably. The marketing mix is often called the 4Ps: Product, Price, Place and Promotion. Tip: ‘Please Put Products Properly’.
营销 旨在识别客户需求并有利可图地满足这些需求。营销组合 常被称为 4P：产品、价格、渠道和促销。记忆秘诀：“请适当放置产品”。
Product includes design, features, quality and branding. Price strategies include cost-plus, competitive, penetration and skimming. Place concerns how products reach customers – shops, online, wholesalers. Promotion covers advertising, sales promotions, public relations and social media.
产品 包括设计、功能、质量和品牌。价格 策略有成本加成、竞争定价、渗透定价和撇脂定价。渠道 关乎产品如何抵达客户——实体店、线上、批发商。促销 涵盖广告、销售促进、公共关系和社交媒体。
Market research gathers information about customers, competitors and market trends. Primary research collects new data directly (e.g. surveys, interviews). Secondary research uses existing data (e.g. reports, internet). Remember: ‘Primary = Personally collected, Secondary = Someone else’s study.’
市场调研 收集有关客户、竞争对手和市场趋势的信息。初级研究 直接收集新数据（例如问卷、访谈）。二级研究 使用现有数据（例如报告、互联网）。记住：“初级=亲自收集，二级=别人的研究”。
5. Marketing Mix in Action: Price & Promotion | 营销组合实践：定价与促销
Penetration pricing sets a low initial price to attract customers quickly and gain market share. Price skimming starts with a high price for an innovative product and lowers it later as competition grows.
渗透定价 设定较低的初始售价以快速吸引顾客并获取市场份额。撇脂定价 先为创新产品设定高价，待竞争加剧后再逐步降价。
Competitive pricing sets prices based on rivals’ charges, common in saturated markets. Cost-plus pricing adds a fixed percentage (mark-up) to the unit cost to ensure a profit margin.
竞争定价 根据竞争对手的收费来设定价格，常见于饱和市场。成本加成定价 在单位成本上增加一个固定百分比（加成），以确保利润空间。
Above-the-line promotion uses mass media such as TV, radio and newspapers to reach a wide audience. Below-the-line promotion targets specific groups with methods like direct mail, discount vouchers and sponsorship.
线上促销 利用电视、广播和报纸等大众媒体触达广泛受众。线下促销 则通过直邮、折扣券和赞助等手段针对特定人群。
The promotional mix must fit the target market. Social media influencers are now a key part of the mix for many brands. Acronym: ‘ADvertise, SPonsor, SAle’ – AD SP SA.
促销组合 必须与目标市场相匹配。社交媒体影响者如今已成为许多品牌促销组合的关键部分。助记符：“AD SP SA”——广告、赞助、销售活动。
6. Finance: Sources of Finance | 财务：融资来源
Businesses need finance for starting up, expansion or overcoming cash-flow gaps. Internal sources include retained profit (profit kept in the business) and sale of assets (selling unused equipment). Think: ‘Inside cash: profit kept or asset sold.’
企业需要融资来启动、扩张或缓解现金流缺口。内部来源 包括留存利润（留在企业内的利润）和出售资产（变卖闲置设备）。记忆：“内部现金：要么留利润，要么卖资产”。
External short-term sources often used for working capital: overdraft (bank allows negative balance up to a limit), trade credit (buy now pay later from suppliers), and short-term loans. Use the mnemonic ‘TOO’: Trade credit, Overdraft, bOrrowing.
外部短期来源 常用于营运资本：透支（银行允许在限额内负余额）、商业信用（先拿货后付款给供应商）和短期贷款。助记符：“TOO”—— Trade credit, Overdraft, Other loans.
Long-term external sources include bank loans (repaid over years with interest), share capital (selling shares in a company), and venture capital (investment from specialist firms in exchange for equity). For a private limited company, share capital can only come from family and friends.
外部长期来源 包括银行贷款（多年期偿还并付利息）、股本（出售公司股份）和风险资本（专业投资公司以股权为交换进行投资）。对于私人有限公司，股本金只能来自家人和朋友。
7. Cash Flow, Profit and Break-even | 现金流、利润与盈亏平衡
Cash flow is the movement of money into and out of a business. Net cash flow = Cash inflows – Cash outflows. A cash flow forecast predicts monthly inflows and outflows to identify surpluses or shortages.
现金流 是资金进出企业的流动。净现金流 = 现金流入 – 现金流出。现金流预测 预估每月的流入与流出资金，以识别盈余或短缺。
Profit occurs when total revenue exceeds total costs. Gross profit = Sales revenue – Cost of sales. Net profit = Gross profit – Other operating expenses. Profit is not the same as cash: a business can be profitable but run out of cash if customers delay payments.
利润 发生在总收入超过总成本时。毛利 = 销售收入 – 销售成本。净利润 = 毛利 – 其他运营支出。利润不等于现金：企业可能盈利，但如果顾客拖延付款，仍可能用光现金。
Break-even point is where total revenue equals total costs, so the business makes neither profit nor loss. The formula in words:
Break-even output = Fixed Costs ÷ (Selling Price per unit – Variable Cost per unit)
盈亏平衡点 是总收入等于总成本时的点，此时企业既不盈利也不亏损。用词语表述的公式为：
盈亏平衡产量 = 固定成本 ÷ (单位售价 – 单位可变成本)
Margin of safety = Actual sales – Break-even sales. Use the rhyme: ‘Fixed on top, divide by contribution, find the spot where profit is naught.’
安全边际 = 实际销售额 – 盈亏平衡销售额。记忆口诀：“固定成本放上头，除以单位贡献额，找到利润为零的点”。
8. Operations Management: Production and Quality | 运营管理：生产与质量
Job production creates unique, one-off items according to customer specifications. Examples: wedding cakes, tailor-made suits. It offers high flexibility but is labour-intensive and slow.
单件生产 按照客户规格制造独特的定制产品。例子：婚礼蛋糕、量身定做的西装。它灵活度高，但劳动密集且速度慢。
Batch production makes groups of identical items together, then switches to produce a different batch. Useful for bakeries, clothing lines. The mnemonic: ‘BATCH = Build A Then Change Here’.
批量生产 一起生产多组相同的产品，然后切换去生产另一批次。适用于面包房、服装系列。助记符：“BATCH = 先做一批，然后切换”。
Flow production is continuous mass production on an assembly line. It achieves low unit costs, but breakdowns stop the whole line. Lean production techniques like just-in-time (JIT) reduce waste by delivering materials only when needed.
流水线生产 是在装配线上连续大规模生产。单位成本低，但一旦故障会令整条线停摆。精益生产 技术如准时制 (JIT) 只在需要时才运送物料，以减少浪费。
Quality control checks products at the end of production, inspecting for defects. Quality assurance builds quality into every stage of the production process. Think: ‘Control at the end, Assurance throughout.’
质量控制 在生产终期检查产品，寻找缺陷。质量保证 将质量融入生产过程的每一个环节。记忆：“控制在末尾，保证贯穿全程”。
9. Human Resources: Recruitment and Selection | 人力资源：招聘与选拔
The recruitment process begins by identifying a vacancy and drawing up a job description (tasks and responsibilities) and a person specification (qualifications and skills needed).
招聘流程 始于识别职位空缺，制定职位描述（任务和职责）和人员规格（所需的资质和技能）。
Internal recruitment fills a post with someone already in the organisation. It saves time and motivates staff but limits new ideas. External recruitment brings in outside candidates, offering fresh perspectives but higher costs.
内部招聘 由组织内部人员填补岗位。节省时间、激励员工，但限制了新思路。外部招聘 引进外部候选人，带来新视角但成本更高。
Selection methods include interviews, assessment centres and psychometric tests. A shortlist is drawn up, and the best-fit candidate is offered the position. Mnemonic: ‘J.P.S. – Job ad, Person spec, Shortlist’.
选拔方法包括面试、评估中心和心理测评。先制作一份短名单，然后向最匹配的候选人发出录用。助记符：“J.P.S. —— 职位广告、人员规格、短名单”。
10. Motivation, Training and Employment Law | 激励、培训与劳动法
Financial motivators include wages, salaries, commission, piece rate, profit sharing and bonuses. Non-financial motivators involve job enrichment, empowerment, praise, teamworking and flexible hours. Maslow’s hierarchy suggests that once basic needs are met, employees look for esteem and self-fulfilment.
财务激励 包括时薪、月薪、佣金、计件工资、利润分享和奖金。非财务激励 涉及工作丰富化、授权、表扬、团队合作和弹性工作时间。马斯洛需求层次理论表明，基本需求满足后，员工会追求尊重和自我实现。
Induction training introduces new employees to the business, its policies and culture. On-the-job training happens while working, often through coaching. Off-the-job training occurs away from the workplace, such as external courses. The ‘I-O-O’ pattern: Induction, On, Off.
入职培训 向新员工介绍企业、政策和公司文化。在岗培训 在工作中进行，常由教练指导。脱产培训 在工作场所之外进行，如外部课程。记作“I-O-O”：入职、在岗、脱产。
Businesses must comply with laws such as the Equality Act 2010 (preventing discrimination), Health and Safety at Work Act and National Minimum Wage regulations. Breaking these can lead to fines, tribunals and reputational damage.
企业必须遵守法律，如《2010 年平等法》（防止歧视）、《工作健康与安全法》和国家最低工资规定。违反这些法规可能导致罚款、劳资审裁和声誉损害。
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