📚 CAIE Year 10 Computer Science Vocabulary Quick Revision Guide | CAIE 十年级计算机科学词汇速记指南
Mastering technical vocabulary is half the battle in Computer Science. This guide helps Year 10 CAIE students quickly recall and confidently use the key terms that appear across the syllabus, from hardware and software to networking and logic gates. Each term is paired with a clear explanation, a memory hook, and its Chinese equivalent, ensuring both language tracks are equally supported.
掌握专业术语是学好计算机科学的关键一步。本指南为 CAIE 十年级学生梳理了从硬件、软件到网络和逻辑门的核心词汇，每个术语都配有清晰的解释、速记技巧和中文对照，帮助你中英双语同步提升，考场上不再词穷。
1. Hardware Basics | 硬件基础术语
Central Processing Unit (CPU) – the ‘brain’ of the computer that executes instructions fetched from memory. Think of it as the chef following a recipe step by step.
中央处理器 (CPU) – 计算机的“大脑”，负责从内存中取出并执行指令。可以想象成一个厨师严格按照菜谱一步步操作。
Random Access Memory (RAM) – volatile, working memory that temporarily stores data and programs currently in use. The word ‘random’ means any location can be accessed directly and quickly.
随机存取存储器 (RAM) – 易失性工作内存，临时存放正在使用的数据和程序。’随机’意味着可以直接、快速地访问任意存储单元。
Read-Only Memory (ROM) – non-volatile memory that holds firmware, such as the boot program (BIOS). It remembers even when the power is off, like a factory-installed instruction manual.
只读存储器 (ROM) – 非易失性存储器，保存固件（如引导程序 BIOS）。即使断电，数据也不会丢失，好比一本出厂就印好的操作手册。
Motherboard – the main circuit board that connects all components, allowing communication between CPU, memory, storage, and peripherals. The ‘mother’ holds everything together.
主板 – 连接所有部件的主电路板，让 CPU、内存、存储和外设能互相通信。就像一个家庭的母亲，把大家聚在一起。
Quick memory tip: RAM = temporary workspace, ROM = permanent instructions, CPU = the thinker. All plug into the motherboard.
速记技巧： RAM = 临时草稿纸，ROM = 永久说明书，CPU = 思考者。都插在主板上。
2. Software and Operating Systems | 软件与操作系统术语
Operating System (OS) – system software that manages hardware resources, provides a user interface, and runs applications. It acts as a translator between you and the machine.
操作系统 (OS) – 管理硬件资源、提供用户界面并运行应用程序的系统软件。它就像你与机器之间的翻译官。
Utility Software – programs designed to optimise or maintain the computer, e.g., antivirus, disk defragmenter, backup tools. Think ‘helpful housekeeping apps’.
实用工具软件 – 为优化或维护计算机而设计的程序，如杀毒软件、磁盘碎片整理工具、备份工具。可以记成“家务小帮手”。
Application Software – software that helps the user perform specific tasks, like word processors, spreadsheets, or games. ‘App’ is the keyword.
应用软件 – 帮助用户完成特定任务的软件，如文字处理、电子表格或游戏。关键词就是“应用 (App)”。
Graphical User Interface (GUI) – a visual way of interacting with the computer using windows, icons, menus, and pointers (WIMP). Easy to navigate – think ‘point and click’.
图形用户界面 (GUI) – 用窗口、图标、菜单和指针 (WIMP) 与计算机交互的可视化方式。容易操作，记住“指向并点击”。
Command Line Interface (CLI) – text-based interface where users type commands. Powerful but requires memorising syntax. Picture a hacker typing green text on a black screen.
命令行界面 (CLI) – 通过键入命令来操作的文本界面。功能强大但需记住语法。想象一下黑客在黑屏上敲绿色代码的场景。
3. Data Representation | 数据表示术语
Binary – a base‑2 number system using only 0s and 1s. All digital data is stored as binary because electronic circuits have two states: on (1) and off (0).
二进制 – 基数为2的数字系统，只用0和1。所有数字数据都以二进制存储，因为电路只有两种状态：通 (1) 和断 (0)。
Bit – the smallest unit of data, a single 0 or 1. Short for binary digit.
位 (bit) – 数据的最小单位，一个0或1。英文是 binary digit 的缩写。
Byte – a group of 8 bits, commonly used to represent one character. Remember: 8 bits bite into a byte.
字节 (Byte) – 8个位组成一组，通常表示一个字符。记住：8 bits 组成一个 byte。
Hexadecimal – a base‑16 system using digits 0–9 and letters A–F, often used as a shorter, more human-readable representation of binary. ‘Hex’ is compact.
十六进制 – 基数为16，使用0–9和A–F，常用作二进制的简写形式，更易读。’Hex’ 更紧凑。
Character Set – a defined list of characters recognised by computer hardware and software. ASCII and Unicode are two widely used character sets. Unicode covers global languages and emojis.
字符集 – 计算机硬件和软件识别的一组字符定义。ASCII 和 Unicode 是两种广泛使用的字符集。Unicode 涵盖全球语言和表情符号。
Binary: 1010₍₂₎ = Decimal: 10₍₁₀₎ = Hex: A₍₁₆₎
4. Storage Devices and Media | 存储设备与介质术语
Primary Storage – directly accessible by the CPU, typically RAM and ROM. It is fast but limited in capacity and usually volatile (except ROM).
主存储器 – CPU 可直接访问的存储器，通常是 RAM 和 ROM。速度快但容量有限，且多为易失性（ROM 除外）。
Secondary Storage – non-volatile, long-term storage such as HDDs, SSDs, and USB flash drives. Use it to save files permanently.
辅助存储器 – 非易失性长期存储，如硬盘 (HDD)、固态硬盘 (SSD) 和 U 盘。用来永久保存文件。
Magnetic Storage – uses magnetised platters (e.g., hard disk drive). Data is read/written by a moving arm; mechanical parts mean slower and more fragile.
磁性存储 – 使用磁化盘片（如机械硬盘）。通过移动的磁臂读写数据；有机机械部件，速度较慢且易损坏。
Solid State Drive (SSD) – uses flash memory with no moving parts, offering faster data access, lower power consumption, and greater durability than HDDs.
固态硬盘 (SSD) – 使用闪存，无移动部件，比 HDD 更快、更省电、更耐用。
Cloud Storage – storing data on remote servers accessed via the internet. ‘It’s not in the sky – it’s on someone else’s computer.’
云存储 – 把数据存储在远程服务器上，通过互联网访问。“不在天上，在别人的计算机里。”
5. Networks and the Internet | 网络与互联网术语
Local Area Network (LAN) – a network confined to a small geographical area, like a school or building. ‘Local’ means nearby.
局域网 (LAN) – 覆盖较小地理范围的网络，如学校或大楼内部。’Local’ 表示就近。
Wide Area Network (WAN) – a network that spans a large area, such as a city or country; the internet is the largest WAN.
广域网 (WAN) – 跨越较大区域的网络，如城市或国家；互联网就是最大的广域网。
Router – a device that forwards data packets between networks, directing traffic using IP addresses. Think of a post office sorting mail.
路由器 – 在不同网络之间转发数据包的设备，根据 IP 地址指挥流量。好比邮局分拣邮件。
Switch – connects devices within a single LAN and sends data only to the specific recipient, reducing unnecessary traffic. More efficient than a hub.
交换机 – 在单个局域网内连接设备，只把数据发给特定接收者，减少不必要的流量。比集线器更高效。
IP Address – a unique address that identifies a device on a network. IPv4 looks like 192.168.0.1; imagine a house address for your device.
IP 地址 – 网络上设备的唯一标识地址。IPv4 形如 192.168.0.1，想象成设备的门牌号。
MAC Address – a hardware address hard-coded into a network interface card, unique like a fingerprint. Usually stays the same for the device’s lifetime.
MAC 地址 – 烧录在网卡里的硬件地址，如同指纹一样独一无二，通常伴随设备终身。
6. Protocols and the Web | 协议与万维网术语
Protocol – a set of rules governing how data is transmitted and received. Without protocols, devices would speak different languages.
协议 – 规定数据如何传输和接收的一套规则。没有协议，设备就会各说各话。
HTTP / HTTPS – Hypertext Transfer Protocol (Secure) used for transferring web pages. The ‘S’ means data is encrypted, shown by a padlock in the browser.
HTTP / HTTPS – 超文本传输协议（安全版），用于传送网页。加 ‘S’ 表示数据加密，浏览器会显示小锁图标。
TCP/IP – the foundational suite of protocols for the internet. TCP ensures reliable delivery (like registered mail), IP handles addressing (like the envelope).
TCP/IP – 互联网的基础协议族。TCP 确保可靠传输（像挂号信），IP 负责寻址（像信封上的地址）。
DNS (Domain Name System) – translates human-friendly domain names (e.g., aleveler.com) into IP addresses. It is the phonebook of the internet.
域名系统 (DNS) – 将人类容易记忆的域名（如 aleveler.com）转换为 IP 地址。就像互联网的电话簿。
URL – Uniform Resource Locator, the full web address that specifies the protocol, domain, and path to a resource.
统一资源定位符 (URL) – 完整的网址，指明协议、域名和资源路径。
7. Programming and Algorithm Terms | 编程与算法术语
Algorithm – a step-by-step procedure or set of rules for solving a problem. Like a cooking recipe: if you follow the steps exactly, you get the expected result.
算法 – 解决某个问题的逐步步骤或规则集。就像烹饪食谱：严格按照步骤操作就能得到预期的结果。
Sequence – executing instructions one after another in order. The default flow in most programs.
顺序结构 – 按顺序一条接一条执行指令。大多数程序的默认执行方式。
Selection – decision-making using IF…THEN…ELSE statements. The program chooses a path based on a condition.
选择结构 – 使用 IF…THEN…ELSE 做决策。程序根据条件选择执行路径。
Iteration – repeating a set of instructions; includes counted loops (FOR) and condition-controlled loops (WHILE). ‘Iteration’ comes from Latin ‘iterum’ meaning again.
迭代（循环） – 重复执行一组指令；包括计数型循环 (FOR) 和条件型循环 (WHILE)。’Iteration’ 源自拉丁语“再次”。
Variable – a named memory location that can hold a value which may change during program execution. Think of it as a labelled box.
变量 – 命名的内存位置，可以保存在程序执行期间可能变化的值。想象成一个贴了标签的盒子。
Constant – like a variable, but its value cannot be changed once assigned. It is ‘constant’ – fixed.
常量 – 类似变量，但一旦赋值就不能更改。’Constant’ 就是固定不变的意思。
Data Type – tells the computer what kind of data a variable holds, e.g., integer, real (float), Boolean, string, char.
数据类型 – 告诉计算机变量保存的是哪类数据，例如整型、实型（浮点）、布尔型、字符串、字符。
Algorithm = sequence + selection + iteration
8. Logic Gates and Boolean Logic | 逻辑门与布尔逻辑术语
Logic Gate – a basic building block of digital circuits that takes one or more binary inputs and produces a single binary output. Gates make decisions at the hardware level.
逻辑门 – 数字电路的基本构建块，接收一个或多个二进制输入并产生一个二进制输出。门在硬件层面做决策。
AND gate – output is 1 only if both inputs are 1. Mnemonic: you need A and B to pass.
与门 (AND) – 仅当所有输入都为1时，输出才为1。助记：需要 A 和 B 都满足才能通过。
OR gate – output is 1 if at least one input is 1. Think ‘or’ as in either one will do.
或门 (OR) – 只要至少一个输入为1，输出就为1。联想英语 ‘or’：只要有一个就行。
NOT gate – output is the opposite of the input. A single input inverter; 1 becomes 0, 0 becomes 1.
非门 (NOT) – 输出与输入相反。单输入反相器；1变0，0变1。
Truth Table – a table listing all possible input combinations and the corresponding output(s) for a logic circuit. It ‘shows the truth’ of the circuit behaviour.
真值表 – 列出所有可能输入组合及其对应输出结果的表格。它能“展现电路行为的真相”。
Boolean Expression – a mathematical notation to describe logic, e.g., Q = (A AND B) OR C. Named after George Boole.
布尔表达式 – 描述逻辑的数学符号，如 Q = (A AND B) OR C。以乔治·布尔的名字命名。
9. Cybersecurity and Ethics | 网络安全与伦理术语
Malware – malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorised access. Includes viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware. ‘MAL’ means bad.
恶意软件 – 旨在破坏、干扰或未经授权访问的恶意软件，包括病毒、蠕虫、木马、勒索软件。’MAL’ 意为“坏”。
Phishing – a social engineering attack where fraudulent emails or websites trick users into revealing sensitive information. ‘Fishing’ for personal details.
网络钓鱼 – 一种社会工程攻击，通过伪造电子邮件或网站诱骗用户泄露敏感信息。就像’钓鱼’一样钓取个人信息。
Encryption – the process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm and a key, so only authorised parties can read it. Scrambling a message to keep it secret.
加密 – 使用算法和密钥将明文转换为密文的过程，只有授权方才能读取。好比把消息打乱以保密。
Firewall – a security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined rules. A digital wall that blocks intruders.
防火墙 – 根据预定规则监控和控制网络流入流出流量的安全系统。一面阻挡入侵者的数字墙。
Data Protection Act – legislation that governs how personal data should be collected and used. It protects individuals’ privacy rights.
数据保护法 – 规范个人数据收集和使用的法律，保护个人隐私权。
Copyright – legal protection for original works, such as software code, music, and books. Unauthorised copying is illegal.
版权 – 对原创作品（如软件代码、音乐、书籍）的法律保护。未经授权的复制是违法的。
10. File Management and System Maintenance | 文件管理与系统维护术语
File Format – the specific way data is encoded for storage, indicated by file extensions like .docx, .mp3, .jpg. The format tells the computer which application can open the file.
文件格式 – 数据存储的特定编码方式，通过扩展名标识，如 .docx、.mp3、.jpg。格式告诉计算机用哪个程序打开文件。
Compression – reducing file size to save storage or speed up transmission. Lossless compression retains all original data; lossy compression discards some data permanently.
压缩 – 减小文件大小以节省存储或加快传输。无损压缩保留所有原始数据；有损压缩将永久丢弃部分数据。
Defragmentation – reorganising scattered file fragments on a magnetic hard drive so that related data is stored contiguously, improving speed. Not needed for SSDs.
碎片整理 – 重新组织磁性硬盘上散乱的文件碎片，使相关数据连续存放，提高读取速度。固态硬盘不需要碎片整理。
Backup – making copies of data to protect against accidental loss or corruption. A full backup copies everything; incremental backup copies only changes since the last backup.
备份 – 制作数据副本以防意外丢失或损坏。完全备份复制所有数据；增量备份仅复制上次备份以来发生的变化。
Driver – a small piece of software that allows the operating system to communicate with a specific hardware device. Think of it as a mini-translator for a printer or graphics card.
驱动程序 – 让操作系统能与特定硬件设备通信的一小块软件。可以看作打印机或显卡的微型翻译器。
11. Databases and Data Handling | 数据库与数据处理术语
Database – a structured collection of data, organised for easy access, management, and updating. A digital filing cabinet.
数据库 – 有结构的数据集合，便于访问、管理和更新。好比数字化的文件柜。
Field – a single piece of data within a record, e.g., ‘Name’ or ‘Date of Birth’. Each field has a defined data type.
字段 – 记录中的单个数据项，如“姓名”或“出生日期”。每个字段都有定义好的数据类型。
Record – a collection of related fields about one entity, such as all the details for one student. A complete row in a table.
记录 – 关于某个实体的所有相关字段的集合，例如一位学生的全部资料。表格中完整的一行。
Primary Key – a field that uniquely identifies each record in a table. No two records can share the same primary key; it’s the unique ID.
主键 – 表中唯一标识每条记录的字段。任何两条记录的主键都不能重复；它就是独一无二的 ID。
Query – a request for information from a database. Commonly written in SQL; it ‘questions’ the database and returns matching records.
查询 – 向数据库发出的信息请求。通常用 SQL 编写；它“质问”数据库并返回符合条件的记录。
Data Redundancy – unnecessary duplication of data within a database, which can lead to inconsistencies. Normalisation helps reduce redundancy.
数据冗余 – 数据库内不必要的数据重复，可能导致不一致。规范化有助于减少冗余。
12. Computational Thinking Recap | 计算思维核心词汇回顾
Computational Thinking – the thought process involved in formulating a problem and expressing its solution(s) in a way a computer can carry out. Three pillars: decomposition, pattern recognition, and abstraction.
计算思维 – 将问题表述出来并用计算机可执行的方式表达解决方案的思维过程。三大支柱：分解、模式识别和抽象。
Decomposition – breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts. Like solving a big jigsaw puzzle by focusing on one corner at a time.
分解 – 把复杂问题拆分成更小、更易于管理的部分。好比玩大型拼图时先集中攻克一个角落。
Pattern Recognition – identifying similarities or trends within the problem that can be used to predict or generalise. Finding shapes that repeat.
模式识别 – 找出问题中的相似之处或趋势，可用于预测或推广。发现重复出现的形状。
Abstraction – filtering out unnecessary details and focusing only on what is important for solving the problem. Drawing a simple map instead of listing every blade of grass.
抽象 – 过滤掉不必要的细节，只关注解决问题所需的关键信息。好比画一张简化的地图，而不是画出每一片草叶。
Pseudocode – a human-readable description of an algorithm using plain language and simple structured notation. Not a real programming language, but a bridge to code.
伪代码 – 用简单语言和结构化符号描述算法的人类可读文本。不是真正的编程语言，而是通往代码的桥梁。
Trace Table – a tool used to manually follow the execution of an algorithm, recording variable values step by step. Great for finding logic errors.
跟踪表 – 用于手动跟踪算法执行过程的工具，逐步记录变量值。非常适合理清逻辑错误。
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