📚 CCEA Year 10 Physics: Fast-Track Glossary & Memory Guide | CCEA 十年级物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering CCEA Year 10 Physics starts with a rock-solid grasp of the key terminology. This guide breaks down the essential terms you will encounter in forces, energy, electricity, waves and more. For each term, you will find a clear definition and a memory trick to help the vocabulary stick, so you can build confidence ahead of exams and classroom discussions.
掌握 CCEA 十年级物理，首先要扎实掌握关键术语。这份指南将为你拆解力、能量、电、波等核心领域的重要词汇。每个术语都配有清晰的定义和记忆小窍门，让词汇记得更牢，帮助你在考试和课堂讨论中建立信心。
1. Scalar and Vector | 标量与矢量
A scalar quantity has only magnitude (size). For example, speed tells you how fast something moves, but not the direction. A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction, such as velocity, which is speed in a specific direction. Remember: ‘Scalar sounds like scale – just a number. Vector points in a vector direction.’
标量只有大小，没有方向。例如，速率只告诉你物体移动的快慢，而不涉及方向。矢量既有大小又有方向，比如速度就是有方向的速率。记忆窍门：标量像天平，只称多少；矢量像箭头，方向不能少。
Distance (scalar) is the total ground covered, while displacement (vector) is the straight-line distance from start to finish in a given direction. Think of a runner on a 400 m track: after one lap the distance is 400 m, but the displacement is 0 m because she is back where she started.
路程（标量）是经过路径的总长度，而位移（矢量）是从起点到终点的直线距离，并带有方向。想象一个在400米跑道上跑完一圈的运动员：路程是400米，但位移为零，因为她回到了起点。
2. Speed, Velocity and Acceleration | 速率、速度与加速度
Speed is the rate of change of distance: speed = distance ÷ time (v = d ÷ t). It is a scalar. Velocity is the rate of change of displacement: velocity = displacement ÷ time. It is a vector. If an object moves at constant speed in a circle, its velocity is changing because the direction is changing.
速率是距离随时间的变化率：速率 = 路程 ÷ 时间。它是标量。速度是位移随时间的变化率：速度 = 位移 ÷ 时间。它是矢量。如果一个物体以恒定速率做圆周运动，它的速度其实一直在变，因为方向在变。
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity: a = (v – u) ÷ t, where v is final velocity and u is initial velocity. Negative acceleration (deceleration) means the object is slowing down. To quickly recall acceleration, picture a car’s speedometer needle moving – that change is ‘acceleration happening’.
加速度是速度的变化率：a = (v – u) ÷ t，其中 v 是末速度，u 是初速度。负加速度（减速）表示物体在慢下来。快速回忆加速度：想象汽车速度表指针在走动，指针的变化就是加速度。
3. Forces and Newton’s Laws | 力与牛顿运动定律
A force is a push or a pull that can change an object’s shape, speed or direction. It is measured in newtons (N). Contact forces (like friction) require touch; non-contact forces (like gravity, magnetic force) act over a distance.
力是一种推或拉的作用，能改变物体的形状、速率或方向。力的单位是牛顿（N）。接触力（如摩擦力）需要物体相互接触；非接触力（如重力、磁力）可以隔空作用。
Newton’s First Law: an object stays at rest or moves with constant velocity unless a resultant force acts on it. This is often called the law of inertia. The more mass an object has, the greater its inertia – it’s harder to change its motion.
牛顿第一定律：如果没有合力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。这常被称为惯性定律。物体的质量越大，惯性越大——改变其运动状态就越困难。
Newton’s Second Law: resultant force = mass × acceleration (F = m a). This means a bigger force gives a bigger acceleration, and a bigger mass gives a smaller acceleration for the same force. A memory phrase: ‘Forcing mass to accelerate’.
牛顿第二定律：合力 = 质量 × 加速度（F = m a）。这意味着力越大加速度越大，在相同力作用下质量越大加速度越小。记忆口诀：力大加速猛，质量大加速缓。
Newton’s Third Law: when two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal in size and opposite in direction. Action and reaction forces always act on different objects. Rest a book on a table: the book pushes down on the table, and the table pushes up on the book with an equal force.
牛顿第三定律：两个物体相互作用时，彼此施加的力大小相等、方向相反。作用力与反作用力总是作用在不同物体上。书放在桌子上：书向下压桌子，桌子向上支撑书，力的大小相等。
4. Mass, Weight and Gravity | 质量、重量与重力
Mass is the amount of matter in an object; it is measured in kilograms (kg) and is a scalar that does not change with location. Weight is the force of gravity on a mass; it is a vector, measured in newtons (N). Weight = mass × gravitational field strength (W = m g). On Earth g ≈ 10 N/kg, so a 5 kg bag of potatoes has a weight of about 50 N.
质量是物体所含物质的多少，单位是千克（kg），是标量，不随位置改变。重量是作用在物体上的重力，是矢量，单位为牛顿（N）。重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度（W = m g）。地球上 g ≈ 10 N/kg，因此一个5 kg的土豆袋重约50 N。
Gravitational field strength (g) is the force per unit mass. Near the Earth’s surface it is about 9.8 N/kg (often rounded to 10). On the Moon, g ≈ 1.6 N/kg, so your weight would be much smaller even though your mass stays the same. Associate ‘weight’ with ‘weighs newtons’ to avoid confusion with mass in kilograms.
重力场强度（g）是单位质量的物体所受的重力。地球表面附近约为9.8 N/kg（常取10）。月球上 g ≈ 1.6 N/kg，所以你的重量会小很多，但质量不变。把“重量”和“称重是牛顿”联系起来，避免与千克混淆。
5. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Energy is the capacity to do work; it is measured in joules (J). In CCEA Year 10, you learn about energy stores: kinetic (movement), gravitational potential (height), elastic potential (stretched or compressed materials), chemical (fuels, batteries), thermal (internal), magnetic, electrostatic and nuclear.
能量是做功的本领，单位是焦耳（J）。在CCEA十年级课程中，你会学习能量的储存方式：动能（运动）、重力势能（高度）、弹性势能（拉伸或压缩的物体）、化学能（燃料、电池）、热能（内能）、磁能、静电势能和核能。
Energy can be transferred from one store to another by four pathways: mechanically (by a force doing work), electrically (work done by moving charges), by heating (due to a temperature difference) and by radiation (as light or sound waves). An apple falling: gravitational potential energy → kinetic energy (mechanical transfer).
能量通过四种途径在不同储存之间转移：机械做功（力做功）、电做功（电荷移动做功）、加热（由温差引起）和辐射（以光波或声波形式）。苹果下落：重力势能 → 动能（机械转移）。
The principle of conservation of energy states that energy can never be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another. This is the first thing to recall in any energy problem: total energy before = total energy after, even if some is ‘wasted’ as thermal energy.
能量守恒原理指出，能量既不能凭空产生也不能凭空消失，只会从一种形式转化为另一种形式。处理任何能量问题首先要记住这一点：初始总能量等于最终总能量，即便部分能量被“浪费”为热能。
6. Work and Power | 功与功率
Work is done when a force moves an object through a distance in the direction of the force. Work done = force × distance moved in the direction of the force (W = F d), measured in joules. If you push a wall and it does not move, no work is done on the wall.
当一个力使物体沿力的方向移动一段距离时，就说这个力做了功。做功 = 力 × 沿力方向移动的距离（W = F d），单位是焦耳。如果你推一堵墙但它没动，那么没有对墙做功。
Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred: P = W ÷ t or P = E ÷ t. It is measured in watts (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s. A more powerful motor can do the same amount of work in less time. Think of a sprinter versus a jogger: the sprinter delivers more power.
功率是做功或能量转移的快慢：P = W ÷ t 或 P = E ÷ t，单位是瓦特（W），1 W = 1 J/s。一台功率更大的电机能在更短的时间内完成同样的功。想象短跑运动员和慢跑者：短跑运动员输出的功率更大。
7. Current, Voltage and Resistance | 电流、电压和电阻
Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge. It is measured in amperes or amps (A) using an ammeter connected in series. In a metal wire, current is a flow of negatively charged electrons. Conventional current flows from the positive to the negative terminal, opposite to electron flow.
电流是电荷的流动速率，单位是安培（A），需用串联在电路中的安培计测量。在金属导线中，电流是带负电的电子的流动。习惯电流方向是从正极流向负极，与电子流动方向相反。
Potential difference (voltage) is the energy transferred per unit charge. It is measured in volts (V) with a voltmeter connected in parallel across a component. A battery provides a potential difference that pushes charges around a circuit. Think of voltage as the ‘electrical pressure’ that drives the current.
电势差（电压）是单位电荷转移的能量，单位是伏特（V），用并联在元件两端的伏特计测量。电池提供电势差，驱动电荷在电路中移动。可以把电压想象成“电的压力”，推动电流流动。
Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for current to flow through a component. It is measured in ohms (Ω). Resistance = potential difference ÷ current (R = V ÷ I). A longer or thinner wire has higher resistance. A helpful phrase: ‘Resistance resists the flow.’
电阻是衡量电流通过元件难易程度的物理量，单位是欧姆（Ω）。电阻 = 电势差 ÷ 电流（R = V ÷ I）。导线越长或越细，电阻越大。记忆提示：“电阻阻碍电流流动”。
8. Series and Parallel Circuits | 串联电路与并联电路
In a series circuit, components are connected one after another in a single loop. The current is the same everywhere. The total resistance is the sum of individual resistances (Rₜₒₜₐₗ = R₁ + R₂ + …). The supply voltage is shared across the components. If one lamp breaks, the whole circuit goes out – just like old fairy lights.
在串联电路中，元件一个接一个地连接在单一回路中。电流处处相等。总电阻等于各个电阻之和（Rₜₒₜₐₗ = R₁ + R₂ + …）。电源电压在各元件之间分配。如果一盏灯坏了，整个电路都会断路——就像老式彩灯串。
In a parallel circuit, there is more than one path for current to flow. The current from the source splits at junctions, but the sum of the currents in the branches equals the source current. The voltage across each parallel branch is the same. If one lamp fails, the others stay on because there is still a complete path.
在并联电路中，电流不止一条路径。总电流在分支点分流，但各支路电流之和等于干路电流。并联各支路两端的电压相同。如果一盏灯损坏，其他灯仍然亮着，因为仍有完整的回路。
Quick recall: ‘Series – same current, shared voltage. Parallel – same voltage, shared current.’ Draw two simple circuits side by side in your mind; label the current and voltage rules.
快速记忆：“串联电流同，电压分；并联电压同，电流分。”在脑中并排画出两个简单电路，并标注电流与电压规律。
9. Ohm’s Law and I-V Characteristics | 欧姆定律与I-V特性曲线
Ohm’s Law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, provided temperature remains constant. In equation form: V = I R. A resistor that obeys Ohm’s Law is called an ohmic conductor; its I–V graph is a straight line through the origin.
欧姆定律指出，在温度不变的条件下，通过导体的电流与导体两端的电势差成正比。公式为：V = I R。满足欧姆定律的电阻器被称为欧姆导体，其I-V图是一条通过原点的直线。
Different components have distinct I-V characteristics. A filament lamp does not obey Ohm’s Law because its resistance increases as it gets hotter; its graph curves. A diode allows current to flow in only one direction, showing very high resistance in reverse. Thermistors and LDRs (light-dependent resistors) change resistance with temperature and light.
不同元件有不同的I-V特性。白炽灯不符合欧姆定律，因为温度升高时电阻增大，其图为曲线。二极管只允许电流单向通过，反向电阻极大。热敏电阻和光敏电阻（LDR）的阻值分别随温度和光照变化。
To remember thermistor behaviour, link ‘therm’ with thermal – hotter means lower resistance (ntc type). For LDRs, ‘light’ reduces resistance. Use mnemonics: ‘NTC thermistor: Negative Temperature Coefficient – as T rises, R falls.’
记忆热敏电阻特性，可把“therm”与热联系——温度越高，电阻越低（NTC型）。对光敏电阻而言，光越强电阻越低。可用口诀：“NTC热敏电阻：负温度系数——温度升，阻值降。”
10. Waves: Properties and Types | 波：性质与类型
Waves transfer energy from one place to another without transferring matter. There are two main types: transverse waves (oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer, e.g. light, water ripples) and longitudinal waves (oscillations parallel to the direction of energy transfer, e.g. sound). Remember transverse as ‘trans-perpendicular’.
波将能量从一处传递到另一处，而不传递物质。波主要有两种：横波（振动方向与能量传递方向垂直，如光波、水波涟漪）和纵波（振动方向与能量传递方向平行，如声波）。可记为：横波，“横”向垂直。
Key wave terms: amplitude (maximum displacement from rest position), wavelength (λ, distance between two consecutive crests or compressions), frequency (f, number of waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz Hz) and period (T, time for one complete wave, T = 1 ÷ f). Wave speed v = f × λ.
关键波术语：振幅（离开平衡位置的最大位移）、波长（λ，两个相邻波峰或密部之间的距离）、频率（f，每秒通过某点的波的个数，单位为赫兹 Hz）和周期（T，完成一次全振动的时间，T = 1 ÷ f）。波速 v = f × λ。
All waves can be reflected, refracted and diffracted. Refraction occurs when a wave changes speed as it enters a new medium, causing a change in direction. Diffraction is the spreading out of waves when they pass through a gap or around an obstacle; the effect is greatest when the gap width is approximately equal to the wavelength.
所有波都能发生反射、折射和衍射。折射是波进入新介质时速度改变而引起的方向变化。衍射是波通过狭缝或绕过障碍物时发生的展宽现象；当狭缝宽度与波长大致相等时，衍射效果最明显。
11. Electromagnetic Spectrum | 电磁波谱
The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is a family of transverse waves that travel at the same speed in a vacuum (3.0 × 10⁸ m/s). They are grouped by wavelength and frequency: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. A memory phrase from long to short wavelength: ‘Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns’.
电磁波谱是一组在真空中传播速度相同（3.0 × 10⁸ m/s）的横波。它们按波长和频率分为：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线和伽马射线。按波长从长到短的记忆口诀：“无线微波红，可见紫外X伽马”。
As you move from radio to gamma, frequency increases and wavelength decreases. Higher frequency EM waves carry more energy, which explains why ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays can be harmful (ionising). Radio waves are used for communication; microwaves for cooking and satellite signals; infrared for thermal imaging; visible light for sight; ultraviolet for sunbeds and detecting forged bank notes; X-rays for medical images; gamma rays for sterilising equipment and cancer treatment.
从无线电波到伽马射线，频率递增，波长递减。频率越高的电磁波携带的能量越多，这就是为什么紫外线、X射线和伽马射线具有危害性（电离作用）。无线电波用于通信；微波用于烹饪和卫星信号；红外线用于热成像；可见光用于视觉；紫外线用于日光浴床和验钞；X射线用于医学影像；伽马射线用于消毒和癌症治疗。
12. Density and the Particle Model | 密度与粒子模型
Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance: ρ = m ÷ V, where ρ is density (kg/m³), m is mass (kg) and V is volume (m³). To picture density, think of a kilogram of feathers versus a kilogram of lead – the lead has a much smaller volume, so its density is far greater.
密度是单位体积物质的质量：ρ = m ÷ V，其中 ρ 为密度（kg/m³），m 为质量（kg），V 为体积（m³）。想象1千克羽毛和1千克铅：铅的体积小得多，因此密度大得多。
The particle model explains states of matter. Solids have particles tightly packed in a regular arrangement; they vibrate but cannot move past each other, so solids keep a fixed shape and volume. Liquids have particles close together but able to slide past each other; they take the shape of the container but have a fixed volume. Gases have particles far apart, moving randomly at high speeds; they fill any container, with no fixed shape or volume.
粒子模型解释了物质的状态。固体的粒子紧密排列、规则有序；它们只能在固定位置振动，不能自由移动，因此固体有固定形状和体积。液体的粒子彼此靠近但能互相滑过；液体有固定体积，但形状随容器而变。气体的粒子相距很远，高速随机运动；气体充满整个容器，既没有固定形状也没有固定体积。
Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a system. Heating increases internal energy: in a solid it increases particle vibrations; during melting, the temperature stays constant while bonds break – this is latent heat. The terms ‘specific heat capacity’ and ‘specific latent heat’ appear later, but Year 10 students should know that a change of state involves energy transfer without a temperature change.
内能是系统内所有粒子的动能和势能的总和。加热可以增加内能：固体中粒子振动加剧；熔化过程中，虽然温度保持不变，但能量用于破坏粒子间的结合——这就是潜热。虽然比热容和比潜热等术语在更晚阶段出现，但十年级学生应知道物态变化涉及能量转移而温度不变。
The particle model also helps explain pressure in gases: gas particles collide with the walls of their container, exerting a force. If the volume decreases, particles hit the walls more often, so pressure increases. If temperature increases, particles move faster and hit harder, also increasing pressure.
粒子模型还能解释气体压强：气体粒子撞击容器壁，产生作用力。如果体积减小，粒子撞击器壁更加频繁，压强增大。如果温度升高，粒子运动更快，撞击更猛烈，压强也增大。
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