Year 10 AQA Chemistry: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | Year 10 AQA 化学：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 10 AQA Chemistry: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | Year 10 AQA 化学：公式定理速查手册

Mastering key formulas and principles is essential for success in AQA GCSE Chemistry. This handbook covers all the calculations and core concepts encountered in Year 10, from the mole and concentration to energy changes and electrolysis. Use it as a revision companion to reinforce your understanding and solve problems accurately.

掌握关键公式和原理是 AQA GCSE 化学取得成功的必要条件。本手册涵盖了 Year 10 学习的所有计算和核心概念，从摩尔和浓度到能量变化和电解。将其用作复习伴侣，以巩固理解并准确解题。

1. Atomic Structure & Relative Atomic Mass | 原子结构与相对原子质量

Atoms consist of a central nucleus (protons + neutrons) surrounded by electrons arranged in energy levels (shells). The number of protons defines the element (atomic number).

原子由中心原子核（质子+中子）和核外按能级（电子层）排列的电子组成。质子数决定了元素（原子序数）。

Relative atomic mass, Aᵣ, is the weighted average mass of the isotopes of an element relative to 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

相对原子质量 Aᵣ 是某元素同位素原子质量的加权平均值，相对于碳-12原子质量的1/12。

The formula for Aᵣ from isotopic data:

根据同位素数据计算 Aᵣ 的公式：

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