Year 10 AQA French: Core Knowledge Review | Year 10 AQA 法语:核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 10 AQA French: Core Knowledge Review | Year 10 AQA 法语:核心知识点梳理

This revision guide brings together the essential grammar, vocabulary and topic knowledge that Year 10 students need to master for the AQA GCSE French course. Whether you are preparing for end-of-year mocks or simply consolidating your learning, each section pairs a clear English explanation with its Chinese equivalent. The content focuses on the most common pitfalls and high-value structures that underpin confident speaking and writing.

这份复习指南汇集了 Year 10 学生需要掌握的 AQA GCSE 法语课程的核心语法、词汇和话题知识。无论你是在准备年末模拟考试,还是只想巩固所学,每个部分都将清晰的英语解释与对应的中文配对呈现。内容聚焦于最常见的易错点以及支撑自信口语与写作的高价值结构。


1. Present Tense: Regular Verbs and Key Irregulars | 现在时:规则动词与关键不规则动词

The present tense is the foundation of all communication. For regular -er verbs like ‘parler’ (to speak), remove the -er and add -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent. The je, tu, il/elle forms sound identical, so pronunciation practice is crucial.

现在时是所有交流的基础。对于像 ‘parler’(说)这样的规则 -er 动词,去掉 -er 后加上 -e、-es、-e、-ons、-ez、-ent。je、tu、il/elle 的变位读音相同,因此语音练习至关重要。

Regular -ir verbs such as ‘finir’ follow a different pattern: -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. Meanwhile, regular -re verbs like ‘vendre’ use -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent. Always learn the infinitive group before attempting any conjugation.

规则 -ir 动词如 ‘finir’(完成)遵循不同模式:-is、-is、-it、-issons、-issez、-issent。而规则 -re 动词如 ‘vendre’(卖)则使用 -s、-s、-、-ons、-ez、-ent。在尝试变位前务必先明确动词原形所属的组别。

The four key irregular verbs you must know by heart are avoir, être, aller and faire. Avoir: j’ai, tu as, il a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont. être: je suis, tu es, il est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils sont. Aller: je vais, tu vas, il va, nous allons, vous allez, ils vont. Faire: je fais, tu fais, il fait, nous faisons, vous faites, ils font.

你必须牢记的四个核心不规则动词是 avoir(有)、être(是)、aller(去)和 faire(做)。Avoir:j’ai, tu as, il a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont。être:je suis, tu es, il est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils sont。Aller:je vais, tu vas, il va, nous allons, vous allez, ils vont。Faire:je fais, tu fais, il fait, nous faisons, vous faites, ils font。


2. Perfect Tense (le passe compose) | 复合过去时

The perfect tense is used to talk about completed actions in the past. It is formed with the present tense of avoir or etre + the past participle. Most verbs take avoir, e.g. j’ai mange (I ate). The past participle for regular -er verbs ends in -e, for -ir verbs ends in -i, and for -re verbs ends in -u.

复合过去时用于谈论过去已完成的动作。它由 avoir 或 etre 的现在时加上过去分词构成。大部分动词使用 avoir,例如 j’ai mange(我吃了)。规则 -er 动词的过去分词以 -e 结尾,-ir 动词以 -i 结尾,而 -re 动词以 -u 结尾。

There is a group of verbs that use etre as the auxiliary, often remembered by the acronym MRS VAN DE TRAMP (monter, rester, sortir, venir, aller, naitre, descendre, entrer, tomber, retourner, arriver, mourir, partir). With etre verbs, the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject: elle est allee, ils sont alles.

有一部分动词使用 etre 作助动词,通常可用首字母缩略词 MRS VAN DE TRAMP(monter, rester, sortir, venir, aller, naitre, descendre, entrer, tomber, retourner, arriver, mourir, partir)来记忆。使用 etre 的动词,其过去分词要与主语的性数配合:elle est allee(她去了),ils sont alles(他们去了)。

Negatives in the perfect tense wrap around the auxiliary verb: je n’ai pas fini, elle n’est pas sortie. Common irregular past participles include eu (avoir), ete (etre), fait (faire), bu (boire), pris (prendre) and vu (voir).

复合过去时的否定结构需将 ne … pas 置于助动词两侧:je n’ai pas fini(我没完成),elle n’est pas sortie(她没出去)。常见的不规则过去分词包括 eu(有)、ete(是)、fait(做)、bu(喝)、pris(拿)和 vu(看见)。


3. Near Future and Simple Future | 最近将来时与简单将来时

The near future (futur proche) is the easiest way to talk about upcoming plans. It uses the present tense of ‘aller’ + infinitive: je vais regarder un film (I am going to watch a film). This structure is ideal for describing immediate actions and is highly frequent in conversational French.

最近将来时(futur proche)是谈论即将发生计划的最简单方式。它使用 ‘aller’ 的现在时加上动词原形:je vais regarder un film(我要看电影)。这个结构非常适合描述即刻的行动,在法语会话中使用频率极高。

The simple future (futur simple) is formed by adding endings to the infinitive: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont. For regular -er and -ir verbs, the infinitive remains whole, but -re verbs drop the final -e before adding endings. Example: je parlerai, nous finirons, tu vendras.

简单将来时(futur simple)是通过在动词原形后添加词尾构成的:-ai、-as、-a、-ons、-ez、-ont。对于规则 -er 和 -ir 动词,原形保持不变;但 -re 动词需先去掉词尾的 -e 再加词尾。例如:je parlerai(我会说)、nous finirons(我们会完成)、tu vendras(你会卖)。

Several common verbs have irregular stems in the simple future: etre → ser-, avoir → aur-, aller → ir-, faire → fer-, pouvoir → pourr-, vouloir → voudr-, voir → verr-. Memorising these stems early prevents confusion later.

一些常用动词在简单将来时中词干不规则:etre → ser-、avoir → aur-、aller → ir-、faire → fer-、pouvoir → pourr-、vouloir → voudr-、voir → verr-。尽早熟记这些词干可以避免后续混淆。


4. Adjective Agreement and Position | 形容词的性数配合与位置

In French, adjectives must agree with the noun they describe in gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural). The basic rule is to add -e for feminine, -s for masculine plural, and -es for feminine plural: un petit garcon, une petite fille, des petits enfants, des petites voitures.

在法语中,形容词必须与其修饰的名词在性(阳性/阴性)和数(单数/复数)上配合。基本规则是阴性加 -e,阳性复数加 -s,阴性复数加 -es:un petit garcon(一个小男孩),une petite fille(一个小女孩),des petits enfants(一些小男孩),des petites voitures(一些小汽车)。

Some adjectives have irregular feminine forms, especially those ending in -eux → -euse (heureux → heureuse), -if → -ive (sportif → sportive), and doubled consonants like -en → -enne (italien → italienne). Others are invariable, such as ‘marron’ and ‘orange’.

有些形容词的阴性形式不规则,尤其是以 -eux 结尾变为 -euse(heureux → heureuse)、以 -if 结尾变为 -ive(sportif → sportive),以及双写辅音如 -en → -enne(italien → italienne)。另有部分形容词无性数变化,如 ‘marron’(栗色)和 ‘orange’(橙色)。

Most French adjectives follow the noun, but a small group called BANGS adjectives precede it: Beauty (beau), Age (vieux), Number (premier), Goodness (bon), Size (grand). Example: une belle maison, un vieux livre.

大多数法语形容词置于名词之后,但有一小部分称为 BANGS 形容词需前置:Beauty(美)、Age(老)、Number(第一)、Goodness(好)、Size(大)。例如:une belle maison(一栋漂亮的房子),un vieux livre(一本旧书)。


5. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns | 直接宾语代词与间接宾语代词

Object pronouns replace nouns to avoid repetition. Direct object pronouns (me, te, le/la, nous, vous, les) answer ‘who?’ or ‘what?’: Je mange la pomme → Je la mange. They come before the verb in French.

宾语代词用于替代名词以避免重复。直接宾语代词(me、te、le/la、nous、vous、les)回答“谁?”或“什么?”:Je mange la pomme → Je la mange(我吃苹果→我吃它)。它们在法语中置于动词之前。

Indirect object pronouns (me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur) replace a noun preceded by ‘a’ (to): Je parle a Marie → Je lui parle. Note that ‘lui’ can mean both ‘to him’ and ‘to her’, which English speakers often forget.

间接宾语代词(me、te、lui、nous、vous、leur)替代由 ‘a’(给/对)引导的名词:Je parle a Marie → Je lui parle(我跟玛丽说话→我跟她说话)。注意 ‘lui’ 既可表示“对他”也可表示“对她”,英语母语者常忘记这一点。

In the perfect tense, object pronouns precede the auxiliary verb: Il a vu le film → Il l’a vu. The past participle agrees with a preceding direct object pronoun: les pommes que j’ai mangees (the apples I ate, feminine plural).

在复合过去时中,宾语代词置于助动词之前:Il a vu le film → Il l’a vu(他看了电影→他看了它)。过去分词需与前置的直接宾语代词性数配合:les pommes que j’ai mangees(我吃的那些苹果,阴性复数)。


6. Negation: Beyond ‘ne … pas’ | 否定结构:不仅仅是 ‘ne … pas’

The core negative structure places ‘ne’ before the conjugated verb and ‘pas’ after it: je ne comprends pas. In spoken French, the ‘ne’ is often dropped, but formal writing retains it.

基本否定结构将 ‘ne’ 置于变位动词之前,’pas’ 置于其后:je ne comprends pas(我不明白)。虽然口语中常省略 ‘ne’,但正式书写中要保留。

To express ‘never’, use ‘ne … jamais’; for ‘nothing’, ‘ne … rien’; for ‘no longer’, ‘ne … plus’; and for ‘nobody’, ‘ne … personne’. Personne and rien can also function as subjects: Personne n’est arrive (Nobody arrived).

表达“从不”用 ‘ne … jamais’;“什么也没有”用 ‘ne … rien’;“不再”用 ‘ne … plus’;“没有人”用 ‘ne … personne’。Personne 和 rien 还可用作主语:Personne n’est arrive(没有人到)。

In the perfect tense, rien and personne are placed after the past participle, while pas, jamais and plus go between the auxiliary and the past participle: je n’ai rien vu, je n’ai pas vu, elle n’est jamais venue. This word order often appears in exam gap-fills.

在复合过去时中,rien 和 personne 置于过去分词之后,而 pas、jamais 和 plus 则放在助动词与过去分词之间:je n’ai rien vu(我什么也没看见)、je n’ai pas vu(我没看见)、elle n’est jamais venue(她从未来过)。这种词序经常出现在考试的填空题中。


7. Asking Questions | 疑问句结构

There are three main ways to form questions. The simplest is to raise your intonation: Tu aimes le sport? (You like sport?). This is common in informal speech but not recommended for formal writing.

构成疑问句主要有三种方式。最简单的是用升调:Tu aimes le sport?(你喜欢运动吗?)。这在非正式口语中很常见,但不推荐用于正式书写。

The second method adds ‘est-ce que’ at the start: Est-ce que tu aimes le sport? This does not change the word order and works for all types of questions, making it a safe choice for exams.

第二种方法在句首加上 ‘est-ce que’:Est-ce que tu aimes le sport?(你喜欢运动吗?)。这不改变语序,适用于所有类型的疑问句,是考试中的稳妥选择。

The third, more formal way is inversion: Aimes-tu le sport? When the verb ends in a vowel and the subject starts with one, insert -t-: A-t-il un frere? (Does he have a brother?). Inversion is expected in higher-tier writing.

第三种较正式的方式是倒装:Aimes-tu le sport?(你喜欢运动吗?)。当动词以元音结尾且主语以元音开头时,需插入 -t-:A-t-il un frere?(他有兄弟吗?)。高年级写作中应使用倒装结构。

Question words like ‘qui’ (who), ‘que’ (what), ‘ou’ (where), ‘quand’ (when), ‘pourquoi’ (why) and ‘comment’ (how) can be combined with any of these structures: Pourquoi est-ce que tu etudies? / Pourquoi etudies-tu?

疑问词如 ‘qui’(谁)、’que’(什么)、’ou’(哪里)、’quand’(何时)、’pourquoi’(为什么)和 ‘comment’(如何)可与上述任一种结构组合:Pourquoi est-ce que tu etudies? / Pourquoi etudies-tu?(你为什么学习?)。


8. Comparative and Superlative Forms | 比较级与最高级

To compare two things, use plus/moins/aussi + adjective + que: Marie est plus grande que Paul (Marie is taller than Paul). For adverbs, the structure is similar: elle court plus vite que moi (she runs faster than me).

比较两个事物时,使用 plus/moins/aussi + 形容词 + que:Marie est plus grande que Paul(玛丽比保罗高)。比较副词时结构类似:elle court plus vite que moi(她跑得比我快)。

The superlative is formed by adding le/la/les plus/moins before the adjective. If the adjective normally follows the noun, the superlative follows the same position: la ville la plus interessante (the most interesting city).

最高级通过在形容词前加 le/la/les plus/moins 构成。若形容词通常后置于名词,最高级也保持相同位置:la ville la plus interessante(最有趣的城市)。

The irregular comparatives for ‘good’ and ‘bad’ must be memorised: bon/meilleur (better) and mauvais/pire (worse). Meilleur and pire still agree with the noun: une meilleure idee, les pires moments.

“好”与“坏”的不规则比较级必须牢记:bon → meilleur(更好的),mauvais → pire(更坏的)。meilleur 和 pire 仍需与名词性数配合:une meilleure idee(一个更好的主意),les pires moments(最糟糕的时刻)。


9. Identity and Culture Vocabulary | 身份与文化核心词汇

The AQA unit on identity and culture covers describing yourself, family, friends and daily routines. Key phrases include je m’appelle (my name is), j’habite a (I live in), je suis ne(e) en (I was born in), j’ai les yeux bleus/verts (I have blue/green eyes), je suis de caractere optimiste (I am optimistic by nature).

AQA 身份与文化单元涵盖描述自己、家人、朋友和日常生活。关键短语包括 je m’appelle(我叫)、j’habite a(我住在)、je suis ne(e) en(我出生于)、j’ai les yeux bleus/verts(我有蓝色/绿色的眼睛)、je suis de caractere optimiste(我性格乐观)。

Relationships vocabulary: l’amitie (friendship), le copain/la copine (boyfriend/girlfriend or friend), se disputer avec (to argue with), s’entendre bien/mal (to get on well/badly). You should also be able to describe family members using possessive adjectives like mon/ma/mes, ton/ta/tes.

人际关系词汇:l’amitie(友谊)、le copain/la copine(男友/女友或朋友)、se disputer avec(与…争吵)、s’entendre bien/mal(相处得好/不好)。学生还应能使用主有形容词如 mon/ma/mes、ton/ta/tes 描述家庭成员。

Leisure activities: jouer a (sports and games) vs jouer de (musical instruments): je joue au foot, je joue de la guitare. Technology habits: je passe des heures sur mon portable (I spend hours on my phone), je telecharge des applis (I download apps). Customs and festivals: on celebre Noel en famille (we celebrate Christmas as a family), le Jour de l’An (New Year’s Day), la fete nationale (Bastille Day on 14 July).

休闲活动:jouer a(用于运动和游戏)与 jouer de(用于乐器):je joue au foot(我踢足球),je joue de la guitare(我弹吉他)。科技习惯:je passe des heures sur mon portable(我花好几个小时玩手机),je telecharge des applis(我下载应用程序)。习俗与节日:on celebre Noel en famille(我们与家人一起庆祝圣诞节),le Jour de l’An(元旦),la fete nationale(法国国庆日,7月14日)。


10. Local Area, Travel and Tourism Vocabulary | 地方、旅行与旅游词汇

This topic requires describing your town, region and holiday experiences. Useful phrases: ma ville se trouve au bord de la mer (my town is on the coast), il y a beaucoup de choses a faire (there are lots of things to do), le centre-ville est anime (the town centre is lively).

本话题要求学生描述自己的城镇、地区和度假经历。实用短语:ma ville se trouve au bord de la mer(我所在的城市位于海滨),il y a beaucoup de choses a faire(有很多事可做),le centre-ville est anime(市中心很热闹)。

Transport and directions: a pied (on foot), en voiture (by car), en bus/metro (by bus/metro), tourner a droite (turn right), continuer tout droit (go straight on), la premiere rue a gauche (the first street on the left). You should be able to give and understand basic directions.

交通与指路:a pied(步行)、en voiture(开车)、en bus/metro(乘公交/地铁)、tourner a droite(右转)、continuer tout droit(直走)、la premiere rue a gauche(左边第一条街)。学生应能给出并理解基本指路用语。

Holiday activities: partir en vacances (to go on holiday), loger dans une auberge de jeunesse (to stay in a youth hostel), faire une randonnee (to go hiking), louer un velo (to hire a bike), prendre des photos (to take photos), bronzer sur la plage (to sunbathe on the beach). Weather phrases such as il fait beau (it’s nice weather), il pleut (it’s raining), il fait chaud (it’s hot) should be revised alongside these.

度假活动:partir en vacances(去度假)、loger dans une auberge de jeunesse(住青年旅舍)、faire une randonnee(远足)、louer un velo(租自行车)、prendre des photos(拍照)、bronzer sur la plage(在海滩上晒日光浴)。这些活动相关的天气短语也应一并复习,如 il fait beau(天气好)、il pleut(下雨)、il fait chaud(天热)。


11. The Conditional Tense: ‘Would’ and Polite Requests | 条件式现在时:表达“会”与礼貌请求

The conditional is formed by taking the same irregular stems as the simple future and adding the imperfect endings -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. Thus ‘je voudrais’ means ‘I would like’, the most common polite request form.

条件式现在时由简单将来时的不规则词干加上未完成过去时词尾 -ais、-ais、-ait、-ions、-iez、-aient 构成。因此 ‘je voudrais’ 意为“我想要”,是最常见的礼貌请求形式。

Use the conditional after ‘si’ clauses expressing a condition that is unlikely or imaginary: Si j’avais de l’argent, je voyagerais (If I had money, I would travel). Note the si clause uses the imperfect, and the main clause uses the conditional. This structure is highly rewarded at higher tier.

在表达不太可能或想象的条件的 ‘si’ 从句后使用条件式:Si j’avais de l’argent, je voyagerais(如果我有钱,我会去旅行)。注意 si 从句使用未完成过去时,主句使用条件式。这种结构在高级别考试中得分很高。

The conditional also softens advice: tu devrais (you should), il faudrait (one should/you should). These are valuable in giving opinions and recommendations, especially in the role-play and writing components.

条件式还能使建议语气更加委婉:tu devrais(你应该)、il faudrait(应当)。在表达观点和建议时,尤其是在角色扮演和写作部分,这些结构非常重要。


12. Core Grammar Pitfalls and Exam Tips | 常见语法易错点与应试技巧

Mixing up ‘c’est’ and ‘il est’ is a frequent error. Use c’est + article + noun: c’est une bonne idee (that’s a good idea). Use il est + adjective (masculine singular): il est interessant (he/it is interesting). When describing a person, il est professeur (he is a teacher), with no article for professions.

混淆 ‘c’est’ 和 ‘il est’ 是常见错误。c’est + 冠词 + 名词:c’est une bonne idee(那是个好主意)。il est + 形容词(阳性单数):il est interessant(他/它很有趣)。描述职业时无需冠词:il est professeur(他是老师)。

Using the partitive article (du, de la, de l’, des) to express ‘some’ is a distinctive French feature not found in English: je mange du pain (I eat some bread). After negative expressions, the partitive changes to ‘de’ or ‘d”: je n’ai pas de pain.

部分冠词(du, de la, de l’, des)用于表达“一些/部分”,是英语中没有的法语特色:je mange du pain(我吃点面包)。在否定表达后,部分冠词变为 ‘de’ 或 ‘d”:je n’ai pas de pain(我没有面包)。

Remember that possessive adjectives agree with the noun that follows, not the owner: son livre (his/her book) if ‘livre’ is masculine. Mon amie is used before a feminine noun starting with a vowel for ease of pronunciation.

记住主有形容词与它所修饰的名词性数配合,而非与所有者配合:son livre(他/她的书)因 ‘livre’ 为阳性。mon amie 用于以元音开头的阴性名词前,以方便发音。

In the writing exam, always include a range of tenses even if not explicitly asked. Using je vais + infinitive, j’ai + past participle and je voudrais in the same paragraph demonstrates strong grammatical control and lifts your mark significantly.

在写作考试中,即使题目未明确要求,也要尽量使用多种时态。在同一段落中使用 je vais + 原形、j’ai + 过去分词以及 je voudrais,能够展示扎实的语法掌控力,并显著提高分数。

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