Year 10 AQA French: Rapid-Reference Formula Handbook | AQA 法语:公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 10 AQA French: Rapid-Reference Formula Handbook | AQA 法语:公式定理速查手册

This handbook collects the essential ‘formulas’ of French grammar you need for Year 10 AQA – from present tense verb patterns to sophisticated structures like the conditional and relative pronouns. Each entry is presented as a clear rule‑and‑example pair, tested in GCSE reading, writing, listening and speaking papers. Use it to revise, self‑check or support independent writing tasks.

这本手册汇集了 Year 10 AQA 法语课程必备的语法“公式”——从现在时动词规律到条件式、关系代词等复杂结构。每个条目都以清晰的规则与例句配对呈现,经过 GCSE 阅读、写作、听力和口语试卷的检验。你可以用它来复习、自检,或辅助独立写作任务。

1. Present Tense Regular Verbs | 现在时规则动词

To form the present tense of regular ‑er, ‑ir and ‑re verbs, remove the infinitive ending and add the appropriate subject ending. The formulas are your building blocks for all communication.

构成规则 ‑er、‑ir 和 ‑re 动词的现在时,先去掉不定式词尾,再添加对应的主语词尾。这些公式是所有交流的基础构件。

Subject ‑er (parler) ‑ir (finir) ‑re (vendre)
je parle finis vends
tu parles finis vends
il/elle/on parle finit vend
nous parlons finissons vendons
vous parlez finissez vendez
ils/elles parlent finissent vendent

Example: Nous parlons français en classe. (We speak French in class.)
示例:我们在课堂上说法语。


2. The Four Pillar Irregular Verbs | 四大支柱不规则动词

avoir (to have), être (to be), aller (to go) and faire (to do/make) underpin compound tenses, passive voice and everyday idioms. Memorise their present tense as a single formula block; they are tested in every exam component.

avoir(有)、être(是)、aller(去)和 faire(做)支撑着复合时态、被动语态和日常习语。把它们的现在时作为一个公式模块记忆;每次考试都会涉及。

Subject avoir être aller faire
je ai suis vais fais
tu as es vas fais
il/elle/on a est va fait
nous avons sommes allons faisons
vous avez êtes allez faites
ils/elles ont sont vont font

Formula for age: [subject] + avoir (conjugated) + number + ans. J’ai quinze ans. (I am fifteen.)
年龄公式:主语 + avoir 变位 + 数字 + ans。


3. Reflexive Verbs: The ‘Se’ Family | 代词式动词:“se”家族

Reflexive verbs describe actions done to oneself. The formula is: [reflexive pronoun] + [verb]. The pronoun must agree with the subject and is placed before the verb. In the infinitive, the pronoun is ‘se’, but you must change it when conjugating.

代词式动词描述施加于自身的动作。公式为:自反代词 + 动词。代词须与主语一致并置于动词前。不定式中代词为 se,但变位时必须变化。

Present tense formula: je me + verb, tu te + verb, il/elle/on se + verb, nous nous + verb, vous vous + verb, ils/elles se + verb.

现在时公式:je me + 动词,tu te + 动词,il/elle/on se + 动词,nous nous + 动词,vous vous + 动词,ils/elles se + 动词。

Example: Elle se lave les mains. (She washes her hands.) / Nous nous réveillons à sept heures. (We wake up at seven.)
示例:她洗手。/ 我们七点醒来。


4. Near Future: Aller + Infinitive | 最近将来时:aller + 不定式

The near future expresses what is going to happen. Formula: [conjugated aller] + [infinitive verb]. This structure is high‑frequency in GCSE speaking and writing because it allows pupils to talk about future plans accurately.

最近将来时表达即将发生的事。公式:aller 变位 + 动词不定式。这一结构在 GCSE 口语和写作中出现频率极高,能让学生准确谈论未来计划。

Example: Je vais regarder un film ce soir. (I am going to watch a film tonight.) / On va visiter Paris demain. (We are going to visit Paris tomorrow.)
示例:我今晚要看一部电影。/ 我们明天要参观巴黎。


5. Perfect Tense: The Avoir Formula | 复合过去时:avoir 公式

The perfect tense (le passé composé) describes completed actions. The avoir formula is used for most verbs: [conjugated avoir] + [past participle]. Past participles for regular verbs: ‑er → é, ‑ir → i, ‑re → u.

复合过去时描述已完成的动作。avoir 公式适用于大多数动词:avoir 变位 + 过去分词。规则动词的过去分词:‑er → é, ‑ir → i, ‑re → u。

Example: J’ai mangé une pizza. (I ate a pizza.) / Ils ont fini leurs devoirs. (They finished their homework.) / Tu as vendu ta voiture ? (Did you sell your car?)
示例:我吃了一个披萨。/ 他们完成了作业。/ 你卖了你的车吗?

Negation formula: ne/n’ + [conjugated avoir] + pas + [past participle]. Je n’ai pas regardé la télé. (I did not watch TV.)
否定公式:ne/n’ + avoir 变位 + pas + 过去分词。


6. Perfect Tense: The Être Formula (MRS VAN DE TRAMP) | 复合过去时:être 公式

A small group of intransitive verbs (mostly movement or state changes) use être as the auxiliary. The formula is: [conjugated être] + [past participle] + agreement (‑e, ‑s, ‑es) with the subject. The classic acronym is MRS VAN DE TRAMP (Monter, Rester, Sortir, Venir, Aller, Naître, Descendre, Entrer, Tomber, Retourner, Arriver, Mourir, Partir).

一小部分不及物动词(多为运动或状态变化)使用 être 作助动词。公式为:être 变位 + 过去分词 + 与主语性数配合(加 ‑e, ‑s, ‑es)。经典口诀是 MRS VAN DE TRAMP。

Example: Elle est allée au cinéma. (She went to the cinema.) / Nous sommes partis tôt. (We left early.) / Ils sont nés en France. (They were born in France.)
示例:她去了电影院。/ 我们早早离开了。/ 他们在法国出生。

Reflexive verbs always use être in the perfect tense and usually agree with the subject unless a direct object follows. Elle s’est levée tard. (She got up late.)
代动词在复合过去时中总用 être,并通常与主语配合。


7. Imperfect Tense: Describing the Past | 未完成过去时:描写过去

The imperfect tense sets the scene, describes habits or ongoing states in the past. Formula: take the ‘nous’ form of the present tense, drop ‑ons, add endings: ‑ais, ‑ais, ‑ait, ‑ions, ‑iez, ‑aient. The only irregular stem is être (ét‑).

未完成过去时用来描绘背景、习惯或过去持续的状态。公式:取现在时 nous 词干,去掉 ‑ons,加词尾:‑ais, ‑ais, ‑ait, ‑ions, ‑iez, ‑aient。唯一的特殊词干是 être (ét‑)。

Example: Quand j’étais petit, je jouais au foot tous les jours. (When I was little, I used to play football every day.) / Il faisait beau et le soleil brillait. (The weather was nice and the sun was shining.)
示例:我小时候每天踢足球。/ 天气很好,阳光灿烂。

Often contrasted with the perfect tense in narratives: the imperfect describes what was happening; the perfect tense tells what happened.
常在叙事中与复合过去时对比:未完成过去时描写背景,复合过去时叙述事件。


8. Simple Future and Conditional: Formulas for Plans and Hypotheses | 简单将来时与条件式:计划与假设的公式

The simple future (le futur simple) uses the formula: [infinitive] + endings ‑ai, ‑as, ‑a, ‑ons, ‑ez, ‑ont. For ‑re verbs, drop the final ‑e. Some common irregular stems: ser‑ (être), aur‑ (avoir), ir‑ (aller), fer‑ (faire), pourr‑ (pouvoir), voudr‑ (vouloir), verr‑ (voir), devr‑ (devoir).

简单将来时公式:不定式 + 词尾 ‑ai, ‑as, ‑a, ‑ons, ‑ez, ‑ont。以 ‑re 结尾的动词去掉末尾 e。常见不规则词干:ser‑, aur‑, ir‑, fer‑, pourr‑, voudr‑, verr‑, devr‑ 等。

Example: Je partirai en vacances cet été. (I will go on holiday this summer.) / Elle aura seize ans demain. (She will be sixteen tomorrow.)
示例:我今年夏天要去度假。/ 她明天十六岁。

The conditional (le conditionnel) uses the same stems as the future but the imperfect endings (‑ais, ‑ais, ‑ait, ‑ions, ‑iez, ‑aient). It expresses ‘would’ or polite requests. Formula: [future stem] + [imperfect endings].

条件式使用与将来时相同的词干,但加未完成过去时词尾,表达“会,将会”或委婉请求。公式:将来时词干 + 未完成词尾。

Example: Je voudrais un café. (I would like a coffee.) / Si j’avais assez d’argent, j’achèterais une voiture. (If I had enough money, I would buy a car.)
示例:我想要一杯咖啡。/ 如果我有足够的钱,我会买一辆车。


9. Negation: The Ne … Pas Sandwich and Variants | 否定式:ne … pas 三明治及其变体

Basic negation sandwiches the conjugated verb: ne + [verb] + pas. In compound tenses, ne and pas surround the auxiliary verb. Before a vowel or mute h, ne becomes n’.

基础否定将变位动词夹在中间:ne + 动词 + pas。在复合时态中,ne 和 pas 包围助动词。在元音或哑音 h 前,ne 变成 n’。

Examples: Je ne comprends pas. (I don’t understand.) / Je n’ai pas fini. (I haven’t finished.)
示例:我不懂。/ 我没完成。

Variant formulas: ne … jamais (never), ne … plus (no longer), ne … rien (nothing), ne … personne (nobody), ne … que (only). Position rules: rien and que follow the auxiliary in compound tenses; personne usually comes after the past participle or at the end. Je n’ai rien mangé. (I ate nothing.) / Je n’ai vu personne. (I saw nobody.)
变体公式:ne … jamais, ne … plus, ne … rien, ne … personne, ne … que。使用规则:rien 和 que 在复合时态中跟在助动词之后;personne 通常放在过去分词后或句末。


10. Adjective Agreement and Position: A Colour‑Coded Formula | 形容词配合与位置:彩色编码公式

Adjectives agree in gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) with the noun they describe. Formula: add ‑e for feminine (unless already ends in ‑e), add ‑s for plural. Irregular patterns include: ‑eux → ‑euse (heureux → heureuse), ‑if → ‑ive (sportif → sportive), ‑ien → ‑ienne (italien → italienne).

形容词须与所修饰名词在性(阳/阴)和数(单/复)上配合。公式:阴性加 ‑e(原有 ‑e 则不变),复数加 ‑s。不规则变化如:‑eux → ‑euse, ‑if → ‑ive, ‑ien → ‑ienne。

Position: most adjectives come after the noun, but a group of BAGS adjectives (Beauty, Age, Goodness, Size) precede the noun. Example: une belle maison (a beautiful house), un vieux château (an old castle), une bonne idée (a good idea), un petit chien (a small dog).
位置:大部分形容词放名词后,但 BAGS 类(美丑、年龄、好坏、大小)放名词前。

Colour adjectives generally go after the noun and agree; compound colours (e.g. bleu marine) are invariable. Une voiture rouge, des chaussures marron. (A red car, some brown shoes.)
颜色形容词一般后置且配合;复合颜色形容词无变化。


11. Partitive Articles: Expressing ‘Some’ | 部分冠词:表达“一些”

To talk about an unspecified quantity of something, use the partitive articles du (masculine), de la (feminine), de l’ (before vowel/h), des (plural). In negative sentences, partitive articles change to de/d’ regardless of gender or number.

谈论不确定的量,使用部分冠词:du(阳性)、de la(阴性)、de l’(元音前)、des(复数)。在否定句中,无论性数,部分冠词一律变为 de/d’。

Formula: [verb] + du/de la/de l’/des + [noun]. Je mange du pain. (I eat some bread.) / Elle boit de l’eau. (She drinks some water.) / Nous avons des livres. (We have some books.)
公式:动词 + du/de la/de l’/des + 名词。

After expressions of quantity (beaucoup de, un kilo de, une tasse de), use de/d’ without article. Beaucoup de personnes, un verre d’eau.
在数量表达后,用 de/d’,不加冠词。


12. Relative Pronouns ‘Qui’ and ‘Que’: Linking Ideas | 关系代词 qui 与 que:连接句子

Relative pronouns combine two clauses and add sophistication to writing. The formula depends on whether the pronoun is the subject or object of the relative clause.

关系代词连接两个分句,提升写作的复杂程度。公式取决于代词在从句中是主语还是宾语。

  • Qui = who, which, that (as the subject).
    Qui 是主语,指代人、物。J’ai un ami qui habite à Londres. (I have a friend who lives in London.)
  • Que = whom, which, that (as the object).
    Que 是宾语,后面跟主语 + 动词。Le livre que je lis est passionnant. (The book that I am reading is exciting.)

In compound tenses, the past participle agrees with a preceding direct object introduced by que. La pizza que j’ai mangée était délicieuse. (The pizza that I ate was delicious.)
在复合时态中,由 que 引出的先行直接宾语在前时,过去分词须与该宾语性数配合。


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