📚 Year 10 AQA History: Key Terms and Vocabulary Quick Revision Guide | AQA 历史关键术语与词汇速记指南
This bilingual revision guide is carefully crafted for Year 10 AQA History students. It covers essential vocabulary across the most common topic areas, including Germany 1890-1945, Conflict and Tension 1918-1939, and Britain: Health and the People. Each term is first explained in English, then immediately followed by its Chinese equivalent, helping you build both historical language skills and conceptual clarity.
这本双语速记指南专为学习 AQA 历史的十年级学生精心编写。它涵盖了最常见单元的关键词汇，包括德国 1890-1945、冲突与紧张 1918-1939 以及英国：健康与人民。每个术语先用英文解释，紧接着给出中文对应释义，帮助你同时提升历史语言能力和概念清晰度。
1. Political Systems and Ideas (Germany 1890-1945) | 政治制度与理念（德国 1890-1945）
Democracy – A system of government where citizens exercise power by electing representatives through free and fair elections. Fundamental rights such as freedom of speech, press, and assembly are protected.
民主 – 一种政府制度，公民通过自由公正的选举推选代表来行使权力。言论、新闻和集会自由等基本权利受到保护。
Dictatorship – A form of rule in which one person or a small elite holds absolute authority, often eliminating political opposition and controlling all aspects of public life.
独裁 – 一种统治形式，由一个人或少数精英掌握绝对权力，通常消灭政治反对派并控制公共生活的各个方面。
Republic – A state where the head of state is not a monarch and is usually elected. Germany became a republic in 1918 after Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated.
共和国 – 一种国家形式，国家元首不是君主，通常经由选举产生。德国在德皇威廉二世退位后于1918年成为共和国。
Constitution – A set of fundamental laws and principles that outline how a state is governed. The Weimar Constitution of 1919 established Germany’s first democratic framework.
宪法 – 一套规定国家治理方式的基本法律和原则。1919年的魏玛宪法确立了德国的第一个民主框架。
Abdication – The formal renunciation of a throne by a monarch. Kaiser Wilhelm II’s abdication on 9 November 1918 paved the way for the Weimar Republic.
退位 – 君主正式放弃王位。德皇威廉二世于1918年11月9日退位，为魏玛共和国铺平了道路。
2. The Weimar Republic (1918-1933) | 魏玛共和国（1918-1933）
Weimar Republic – Germany’s democratic government established in 1919 and named after the town where the constitution was drafted. It faced severe economic and political crises throughout its existence.
魏玛共和国 – 1919年建立的德国民主政府，因宪法起草地而得名。它在其存续期间面临严重的经济和政治危机。
Proportional Representation – An electoral system in which parties gain seats in parliament in direct proportion to the number of votes they receive. This often led to coalition governments in Weimar Germany.
比例代表制 – 一种选举制度，政党根据所获选票比例直接分配议会席位。这在魏玛德国常常导致联合政府的产生。
Article 48 – A clause in the Weimar Constitution that allowed the President to suspend civil liberties and govern by emergency decree in a crisis. It was misused to undermine democracy.
第48条 – 魏玛宪法中的一项条款，允许总统在危机时刻中止公民自由并通过紧急法令统治。该条款被滥用来破坏民主。
Hyperinflation – Extremely rapid and out-of-control price increases. In 1923, Germany suffered hyperinflation, making the currency virtually worthless and devastating savings.
恶性通货膨胀 – 极快且失控的价格上涨。1923年，德国遭遇恶性通货膨胀，货币几乎一文不值，储蓄化为乌有。
Dawes Plan (1924) – An international agreement that restructured Germany’s reparations payments and provided US loans to stabilise the German economy. It temporarily eased Weimar’s economic troubles.
道威斯计划（1924年） – 一项重组德国赔款支付并提供美国贷款以稳定德国经济的国际协议。它暂时缓解了魏玛的经济困境。
3. Nazi Germany (1933-1945) | 纳粹德国（1933-1945）
Führer – The title Adolf Hitler adopted after combining the offices of Chancellor and President in 1934, meaning ‘leader’. It symbolised his absolute authority.
元首（Führer） – 阿道夫·希特勒在1934年合并总理与总统职位后采用的称号，意为“领袖”。它象征着他的绝对权威。
Enabling Act (1933) – A law that allowed the government to pass legislation without the Reichstag’s approval. It effectively gave Hitler dictatorial powers and ended Weimar democracy.
授权法案（1933年） – 允许政府不经国会批准即可通过立法的法律。它实际上赋予了希特勒独裁权力，终结了魏玛民主。
Gestapo – The Nazi secret state police that used surveillance, interrogation, and terror to eliminate opposition. It operated outside ordinary legal restraints.
盖世太保 – 纳粹的秘密国家警察，使用监视、审讯和恐怖手段消除反对派。它不受普通法律约束。
Concentration Camp – A camp where political prisoners, minority groups, and others were imprisoned under brutal conditions. Early camps like Dachau (1933) were used for forced labour and repression.
集中营 – 关押政治犯、少数群体及其他人员的营地，条件极其残酷。达豪等早期集中营（1933年）被用于强迫劳动和镇压。
Nuremberg Laws (1935) – Racial laws that stripped Jews of German citizenship and banned marriage or relationships between Jews and non-Jews. They institutionalised anti-Semitism.
纽伦堡法案（1935年） – 剥夺犹太人德国国籍并禁止犹太人与非犹太人通婚或发生关系的种族法律。它们使反犹主义制度化。
Kristallnacht (1938) – ‘Night of Broken Glass’; a state-sponsored pogrom in which Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues were attacked. It marked a radical escalation of Nazi persecution.
水晶之夜（1938年） – “碎玻璃之夜”；一场由国家支持的集体迫害，犹太人的住宅、商店和犹太会堂遭到袭击。这标志着纳粹迫害的急剧升级。
4. The Treaty of Versailles (1919) | 凡尔赛条约（1919年）
Treaty of Versailles – The peace settlement signed after World War I that imposed harsh terms on Germany, including territorial losses, military restrictions, and heavy reparations.
凡尔赛条约 – 第一次世界大战后签署的和平条约，对德国施加了苛刻条款，包括领土损失、军事限制和巨额赔款。
Diktat – A dictated peace; Germans felt that the treaty was imposed on them without negotiation, causing lasting bitterness and resentment.
强加的和约（Diktat） – 一种被强加的和平；德国人认为该条约未经协商即强加于他们，引起了长久的痛苦和怨恨。
War Guilt Clause (Article 231) – The clause that forced Germany to accept sole responsibility for starting World War I. It was used to justify the reparations demanded.
战争罪责条款（第231条） – 强迫德国承担发动一战的全部责任的条款。它被用来为所要求的赔款辩护。
Reparations – Payments that Germany was required to make to the Allied powers as compensation for war damage. The final sum was set at £6.6 billion.
赔款 – 德国须向协约国支付的战争损失补偿款。最终金额定为66亿英镑。
Demilitarised Zone – An area where military forces are forbidden. The Rhineland was declared a demilitarised zone under the Treaty of Versailles.
非军事区 – 禁止军事力量进入的地区。根据凡尔赛条约，莱茵兰被宣布为非军事区。
5. The League of Nations (1920-1946) | 国际联盟（1920-1946）
League of Nations – An international organisation created after World War I to maintain peace through collective security and diplomacy. It ultimately failed to prevent World War II.
国际联盟 – 一战后成立的国际组织，旨在通过集体安全和外交维持和平。它最终未能阻止第二次世界大战的爆发。
Collective Security – The principle that member nations would act together to resist aggression against any one of them. It was meant to deter war through unity.
集体安全 – 各成员国共同行动以抵制对任何一个成员国的侵略的原则。它旨在通过团结一致来遏制战争。
Sanctions – Penalties imposed on a country to pressure it into changing its policies, such as trade bans. The League often struggled to enforce effective sanctions.
制裁 – 对某国施加的惩罚措施，以迫使其改变政策，例如贸易禁令。国联常常难以实施有效的制裁。
Manchurian Crisis (1931-1933) – Japan’s invasion of Manchuria, which the League condemned but failed to stop. It was an early sign of the League’s weakness.
满洲危机（1931-1933年） – 日本对满洲的侵略，国联加以谴责但未能阻止。这是国联软弱的早期迹象。
Abyssinian Crisis (1935-1936) – Italy’s invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia). The League’s weak and delayed response seriously damaged its credibility and exposed the failure of collective security.
阿比西尼亚危机（1935-1936年） – 意大利对阿比西尼亚（埃塞俄比亚）的侵略。国联迟缓且软弱的应对严重损害了其信誉，暴露了集体安全的失败。
6. Causes of World War II and Appeasement | 二战起因与绥靖政策
Appeasement – The policy of making concessions to an aggressive power to avoid war. It is closely associated with Neville Chamberlain’s dealings with Hitler in the 1930s.
绥靖政策 – 向侵略国做出让步以避免战争的政策。它与内维尔·张伯伦在1930年代与希特勒的交涉密切相关。
Anschluss (1938) – The annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany, forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles but carried out with little international opposition.
德奥合并（1938年） – 纳粹德国对奥地利的吞并。凡尔赛条约禁止此举，但在几乎没有国际反对的情况下实施。
Sudetenland – The German-speaking border region of Czechoslovakia that Hitler demanded in 1938. It was ceded to Germany at the Munich Conference.
苏台德地区 – 捷克斯洛伐克境内讲德语的边境地区，希特勒在1938年提出要求。该地区在慕尼黑会议上被割让给德国。
Munich Agreement (1938) – An agreement between Britain, France, Italy, and Germany that allowed the German annexation of the Sudetenland in exchange for a promise of peace. It is often criticised as a failed act of appeasement.
慕尼黑协定（1938年） – 英、法、意、德之间达成的协议，允许德国吞并苏台德区以换取和平承诺。它常被批评为一次失败的绥靖行为。
Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939) – A non-aggression treaty between Germany and the USSR that secretly divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence. It enabled Germany to invade Poland without fear of Soviet intervention.
纳粹-苏联条约（1939年） – 德国与苏联之间的互不侵犯条约，秘密划分了东欧的势力范围。它使德国得以在没有苏联干预之虞的情况下入侵波兰。
7. Medicine Through Time: Key Concepts | 医学发展关键概念
Four Humours – An ancient Greek theory that the body was made up of four fluids: blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. Illness was believed to result from an imbalance of these humours.
四体液 – 古希腊的一种理论，认为身体由血液、粘液、黑胆汁和黄胆汁四种液体组成。疾病被认为是由这些体液失衡所致。
Miasma – The outdated belief that disease was caused by foul air or bad smells. This theory dominated thinking before the acceptance of germ theory.
瘴气 – 一种过时的观念，认为疾病由污浊的空气或臭气引起。该理论在病菌学说被接受前主导了医学思维。
Germ Theory – The scientific discovery by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch that many diseases are caused by microorganisms. It revolutionised medicine and led to antiseptics and vaccines.
病菌学说 – 路易·巴斯德和罗伯特·科赫的科学发现，表明许多疾病由微生物引起。它彻底改变了医学，促成了抗菌剂和疫苗的发展。
Antibiotics – Drugs that kill bacteria or stop their growth. Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin in 1928 eventually led to the first widely available antibiotic.
抗生素 – 能杀灭细菌或阻止其生长的药物。亚历山大·弗莱明于1928年发现青霉素，最终带来了第一种广泛使用的抗生素。
Vaccination – The process of introducing a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen to stimulate immunity. Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccine in 1796 was a landmark in preventative medicine.
疫苗接种 – 通过引入减弱或灭活的病原体来激发免疫力的方法。爱德华·詹纳在1796年发明的天花疫苗是预防医学的里程碑。
National Health Service (NHS) – Established in 1948 in Britain, the NHS provided free healthcare at the point of delivery, funded by taxation. It marked a major shift towards state responsibility for public health.
国民保健服务（NHS） – 1948年在英国建立，提供由税收资助的免费医疗服务。它标志着国家承担公共卫生责任的重大转变。
8. Historical Skills and Source Analysis | 历史技能与史料分析
Primary Source – A document, artefact, or record created during the time under study, such as a diary, photograph, or official report. It offers direct insight into the past.
一手史料 – 在研究时期创作的文献、文物或记录，例如日记、照片或官方报告。它为过去提供直接的洞见。
Secondary Source – A work produced after the event, often by historians analysing primary sources. Textbooks and scholarly articles are secondary sources.
二手史料 – 事件发生之后产生的作品，通常由历史学家分析一手史料后写成。教科书和学术论文是二手史料。
Bias – A one-sided or unfair view that influences how a source portrays events. Detecting bias helps evaluate how reliable a source is.
偏见 – 片面或不公正的观点，影响史料对事件的描绘。发现偏见有助于评估史料的可靠性。
Reliability – A measure of how trustworthy a source is, based on factors like its creator, purpose, and the information it contains. A reliable source is credible and accurate.
可靠性 – 衡量史料可信度的标准，基于其创作者、目的及包含的信息等因素。一个可靠的史料是可信且准确的。
Utility – A measure of how useful a source is for answering a particular historical question. Even a biased source can have high utility if used critically.
效用 – 衡量史料对回答特定历史问题有多大用处的标准。只要批判性地使用，即使是带有偏见的史料也可能具有高效用。
Causation – The analysis of why events happen, looking at multiple causes (long-term, short-term, triggering) and how they link together. It is central to historical explanation.
因果关系 – 分析事件为何发生，考察多重原因（长期、短期、触发因素）及其相互关联的方式。这是历史解释的核心。
Change and Continuity – The way historians examine what has altered over time and what has stayed the same. It helps to understand the pace and nature of historical development.
变迁与延续 – 历史学家考察哪些事物随时间发生变化、哪些保持不变的方式。它有助于理解历史发展的速度和性质。
Published by TutorHao | History Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导Cancel reply