Year 10 AQA Physics: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | AQA 物理公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 10 AQA Physics: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | AQA 物理公式定理速查手册

This handbook brings together all the essential formulas, relationships and key units you need to master in Year 10 AQA Physics. Use it for quick checks, end‑of‑topic revision and exam preparation. Every formula is explained in both English and Mandarin, and important quantities, units and circuit rules are laid out clearly. Keep it handy whenever you practise calculations.

本手册汇集了 Year 10 AQA 物理课程中你必须掌握的所有核心公式、定理和关键单位。无论是快速查阅、单元复习还是备考冲刺，这本速查手册都能派上用场。每条公式都配有中英双语解释，重要的物理量、单位、电路规则和粒子模型关系也一清二楚。请在做计算练习时随时翻阅。

1. Base Units and Prefixes | 基本单位与词头

The SI base units you will use most often are metre (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (A) and kelvin (K). Derived units such as the newton (N), joule (J), watt (W), volt (V) and ohm (Ω) are built from these bases. Knowing how to convert between unit prefixes is vital for calculations.

你使用最多的国际基本单位是米 (m)、千克 (kg)、秒 (s)、安培 (A) 和开尔文 (K)。牛顿 (N)、焦耳 (J)、瓦特 (W)、伏特 (V) 和欧姆 (Ω) 等导出单位都由这些基本单位组合而成。在计算中灵活转换不同词头是一项核心技能。

giga (G) = 10⁹, mega (M) = 10⁶, kilo (k) = 10³, centi (c) = 10⁻², milli (m) = 10⁻³, micro (μ) = 10⁻⁶, nano (n) = 10⁻⁹

Physical Quantity	物理量	Symbol	SI Unit
distance / displacement	路程 / 位移	s	m
time	时间	t	s
mass	质量	m	kg
force	力	F	N
energy / work	能量 / 功	E, W	J
power	功率	P	W
current	电流	I	A
potential difference	电势差	V	V
resistance	电阻	R	Ω

---

2. Motion | 运动学

Average speed is the total distance divided by the time taken. It is a scalar quantity. The instantaneous speed of an object can be found from a distance–time graph as the gradient of the tangent.

平均速度等于总距离除以所用时间，它是一个标量。利用路程–时间图像，可以通过切线的斜率求得物体的瞬时速率。

v = s / t

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It can be calculated as the change in velocity divided by the time taken. An object that slows down has negative acceleration (deceleration).

加速度是速度的变化率，可以用速度的变化量除以所经时间求得。减速运动的加速度为负值。

a = Δv / t = (v − u) / t

For uniform acceleration there are additional equations that link displacement, initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration and time. The AQA course expects you to use any of these where appropriate, including the relationship without time.

对于匀加速直线运动，还有几个方程把位移、初速度、末速度、加速度和时间联系起来。AQA 要求你会在合适的情境下运用这些公式，包括不含时间的那个关系式。

v = u + a t
s = (u + v) t / 2
v² = u² + 2 a s

---

3. Forces and Newton’s Laws | 力与牛顿定律

Newton’s Second Law states that the resultant force on an object equals its mass multiplied by its acceleration. This is the key link between force, mass and motion.

牛顿第二定律指出，物体受到的合外力等于其质量乘以加速度。这是联系力、质量和运动的核心关系。

F = m a

The weight of an object is the force of gravity acting on its mass. On Earth the gravitational field strength g is approximately 9.8 N/kg.

一个物体的重量等于其质量所受的重力大小。地球表面的引力场强度 g 约等于 9.8 N/kg。

W = m g

When a spring or elastic object is stretched, the extension is directly proportional to the applied force up to the limit of proportionality. This is Hooke’s Law.

弹簧或弹性物体被拉伸时，在比例极限内，伸长量与所受拉力成正比。这就是胡克定律。

F = k e

The turning effect of a force is called the moment. The size of the moment depends on the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot.

力的转动效应称作力矩。力矩的大小取决于力的大小和支点到力作用线的垂直距离。

M = F d

Momentum is a property of moving objects. In a closed system the total momentum before a collision or explosion equals the total momentum afterwards. (Higher Tier)

动量是运动物体的一种属性。在一个封闭系统内，碰撞或爆炸前的总动量等于碰撞或爆炸后的总动量。（提高层级）

p = m v
m₁ u₁ + m₂ u₂ = m₁ v₁ + m₂ v₂

---

4. Energy | 能量

Kinetic energy is the energy stored in a moving object. It depends on the mass and the square of the speed.

动能是物体因运动而储存的能量，其大小由质量和速率的平方共同决定。

Eₖ = ½ m v²

Gravitational potential energy is stored when an object is raised against gravity. It is proportional to mass, gravitational field strength and height.

重力势能是物体被举升时储存的能量，与质量、引力场强度和高度成正比。

Eₚ = m g h

Elastic potential energy is stored in a stretched or compressed spring. It is equal to half the product of the spring constant and the square of the extension.

弹性势能储存在被拉伸或压缩的弹簧中，等于弹簧常量与伸长量平方乘积的一半。

Eₑ = ½ k e²

Work done is energy transferred when a force moves an object. One joule of work is done when a force of one newton moves an object one metre in the direction of the force.

做功是指力使物体移动时转移的能量。1 N 的力使物体沿力的方向移动 1 m，做功为 1 J。

W = F s

Power is the rate at which energy is transferred or work is done. It can be calculated using either the energy transferred or the work done in a given time.

功率是能量转移或做功的速率，可以用能量转移量或做功量除以时间来计算。

P = ΔE / t = W / t

Efficiency compares the useful output energy or power to the total input. It can be expressed as a ratio or a percentage.

效率是比较有用输出能量（或功率）与总输入能量（或功率）的物理量，可以用比值或百分数表示。

η = useful output / total input

---

5. Electricity | 电学

Electric current is the rate of flow of charge. One ampere is one coulomb of charge flowing per second.

电流是电荷流动的速率。1 安培等于每秒流过 1 库仑的电荷。

I = Q / t

Ohm’s Law states that for a conductor at constant temperature the current through it is directly proportional to the potential difference across it.

欧姆定律指出，对于恒温下的导体，通过它的电流与两端的电势差成正比。

V = I R

The power transferred in a circuit component can be found from the product of the current and the potential difference across it. Using Ohm’s law you can also write power in terms of resistance.

电路中元件转移的功率等于流过它的电流与两端电势差的乘积。结合欧姆定律，还可以用电阻来表示功率。

P = I V
P = I² R

The energy transferred by a charge moving through a potential difference is found by multiplying the charge by the potential difference. Because I = Q/t and P = E/t, energy can also be calculated as power multiplied by time.

电荷在电势差下移动所转移的能量，等于电荷量与电势差的乘积。利用 I = Q/t 和 P = E/t，能量也可写成功率乘以时间。

E = Q V
E = P t

For components connected in series and parallel there are simple rules for current, potential difference and resistance.

对于串联和并联的元件，电流、电势差和电阻分别遵循不同的规律。

Series: I = I₁ = I₂, V = V₁ + V₂, R = R₁ + R₂
Parallel: I = I₁ + I₂, V = V₁ = V₂, 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂

---

6. Particle Model of Matter | 物质的粒子模型

Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance. It can be calculated from direct measurements of mass and volume or by displacement.

密度是物质单位体积的质量，可以通过直接测量质量和体积，或排水法求得。

ρ = m / V

When a substance is heated, the energy needed to raise its temperature depends on its mass, specific heat capacity and the temperature change. Specific heat capacity is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C.

给物质加热时，使其升温所需的能量取决于质量、比热容和温度变化。比热容表示 1 kg 物质温度升高 1°C 所需的能量。

ΔE = m c Δθ

Changing state requires energy without a change in temperature. The energy needed to change the state of 1 kg of a substance is called the specific latent heat – latent heat of fusion for melting/freezing and latent heat of vaporisation for boiling/condensing.

物态变化需要吸收能量，但温度保持不变。使 1 kg 物质发生物态变化所需的能量叫作比潜热——熔化/凝固对应熔化潜热，沸腾/凝结对应汽化潜热。

E = m L

---

7. Waves | 波

The speed of a wave is the product of its frequency and wavelength. This is true for all types of waves, including sound, light and water waves.

波速等于频率与波长的乘积，这个关系对所有类型的波都成立，包括声波、光波和水波。

v = f λ

The period of a wave is the time taken for one complete oscillation. It is the reciprocal of the frequency.

周期是完成一次完整振动所需的时间，它是频率的倒数。

T = 1 / f

When a wave crosses a boundary between two media at an angle, it refracts. The amount of refraction is linked to the change in wave speed and, for light, is described by the refractive index and Snell’s law. In Year 10 you only need to describe the qualitative effect: waves change direction if they enter a new medium at an angle, and why this happens.

波倾斜入射两种介质的界面时会发生折射。折射程度与波速的变化有关，对光而言可用折射率和斯涅尔定律描述。Year 10 只要求定性理解：波倾斜进入新介质时会改变方向以及其原因。

For a transverse wave the direction of particle vibration is perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. For a longitudinal wave the vibrations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer.

横波中质点的振动方向与能量传播方向垂直；纵波中振动方向与能量传播方向平行。

---

8. Atomic Structure and Radioactivity | 原子结构与放射性

The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons (nucleons). The atomic number Z is the number of protons; the mass number A is the total number of nucleons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

原子核由质子和中子（核子）组成。原子序数 Z 等于质子数；质量数 A 等于核子总数。同位素是质子数相同、中子数不同的同种元素原子。

A = Z + N

During alpha decay the nucleus loses two protons and two neutrons, so the mass number decreases by 4 and the atomic number decreases by 2. In beta decay a neutron turns into a proton and an electron (beta particle) is emitted, so the mass number stays the same but the atomic number increases by 1.

α 衰变中，原子核失去两个质子和两个中子，质量数减 4，原子序数减 2。β 衰变中，一个中子转变为质子并放出一个电子（β 粒子），质量数不变但原子序数加 1。

Alpha: ²²⁶₈₈Ra → ²²²₈₆Rn + ⁴₂He
Beta: ¹⁴₆C → ¹⁴₇N + ⁰₋₁e

The half‑life of a radioactive isotope is the time taken for the number of unstable nuclei (or the count rate) to halve. There is no simple formula you need to memorise, but you must be able to use half‑life graphs and perform calculations involving half‑lives.

放射性同位素的半衰期是指不稳定原子核的数量（或计数率）减半所需的时间。你不需要死记公式，但必须会使用半衰期图像并进行涉及半衰期的计算。

Nuclear equations must balance in terms of mass number and atomic number on both sides. The total charge is also conserved.

核方程必须满足质量数和原子序数的守恒，总电荷也守恒。

---

9. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁学与电磁学

When a current‑carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force. The size of the force depends on the magnetic flux density B, the current I and the length of conductor L in the field. The direction is given by Fleming’s left‑hand rule.

通电导线置于磁场中时会受到力的作用。力的大小取决于磁通量密度 B、电流 I 以及导线在磁场中的有效长度 L，方向由弗莱明左手定则给出。

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）