📚 Year 10 AQA Physics: Glossary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 10 AQA 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick-fire glossary for Year 10 AQA Physics. Mastering the subject isn’t just about plugging numbers into equations – it starts with a rock-solid understanding of the key terms. Every energy store, circuit component and particle interaction has a precise name, and using that language accurately will transform your exam answers. This guide breaks down the most important terminology topic by topic, giving you a simple English definition followed by its Chinese equivalent, so you can learn, recall and apply with confidence.
欢迎来到 Year 10 AQA 物理速记术语表。学好物理不只是把数字代入公式——它始于对关键术语的扎实理解。每一种能量储存、每一个电路元件、每一次粒子间的相互作用都有精准的名称，准确地使用这些语言会让你的考试答案大为改观。本指南按主题梳理了最重要的术语，先给出简洁的英文定义，再配上对应的中文，帮助你轻松学习、快速记忆并自信运用。
1. Energy Stores and Systems | 能量储存与系统
In AQA Physics, energy is never ‘used up’ – it is transferred between different stores or carried away by pathways. When you describe a change, you must always name the stores at the start and the end. The idea of a ‘system’ helps you keep track: a system is just the object or group of objects you are interested in. Everything else is the surroundings.
在 AQA 物理中，能量从来不会“被用光”——它是在不同的储存库之间转移，或通过某种途径被带走。描述能量变化时，你必须始终说出起始和终点的能量储存。而“系统”这个概念能帮你理清思路：系统就是你感兴趣的那个物体或一组物体，其他的一切都是外界环境。
| Term | English Meaning | 中文术语 | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kinetic energy store | Energy in moving objects | 动能储存 | 运动物体具有的能量 |
| Gravitational potential energy store | Energy stored in an object raised above the ground | 重力势能储存 | 被举高的物体所储存的能量 |
| Elastic potential energy store | Energy stored in stretched or compressed objects | 弹性势能储存 | 被拉伸或压缩的物体储存的能量 |
| Chemical energy store | Energy stored in fuels, food and batteries | 化学能储存 | 储存在燃料、食物和电池中的能量 |
| Thermal energy store | Energy stored in an object due to its temperature | 内能（热能）储存 | 物体由于温度而储存的能量 |
| System | The object or group of objects being studied | 系统 | 被研究的单个物体或一组物体 |
2. Energy Transfers and Work Done | 能量转移与做功
Energy can move from one store to another by four main pathways: mechanically (by a force doing work), electrically (by an electric current), by heating (due to a temperature difference) and by radiation (such as light or sound). ‘Work done’ is the scientific way of saying an energy transfer caused by a force moving an object.
能量可以通过四种主要途径从一种储存转移到另一种储存：机械做功（通过力做功）、电气做功（通过电流）、加热（由于温差）以及辐射（如光或声音）。“做功”是一种科学的说法，指的是由力使物体移动而引起的能量转移。
| Term | English Meaning | 中文术语 | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Work done | Energy transferred when a force moves an object (W = F d) | 做功 | 力使物体移动时所转移的能量 (W = F d) |
| Mechanical transfer | Energy shifted by a force acting over a distance | 机械转移 | 通过力作用一段距离而转移的能量 |
| Electrical transfer | Energy carried by an electric current | 电气转移 | 由电流携带转移的能量 |
| Heating | Energy transferred from a hotter region to a cooler region | 热传递 | 从高温区域向低温区域传递的能量 |
| Dissipated energy | Energy spread out to the surroundings, often as thermal energy | 耗散的能量 | 散逸到周围环境中、通常为内能的能量 |
3. Specific Heat Capacity | 比热容
Different materials need different amounts of energy to raise their temperature. The term that captures this is ‘specific heat capacity’ – the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. The equation ΔE = m c Δθ is central to all calculations involving thermal energy changes.
不同的材料升高相同的温度所需要的能量不同。描述这一特性的术语就是“比热容”——它表示使 1 kg 的物质温度升高 1 °C 所需要的能量。公式 ΔE = m c Δθ 是所有涉及内能变化计算的核心。
ΔE = m c Δθ
| Term | English Meaning | 中文术语 | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Specific heat capacity (c) | Energy needed to change 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C | 比热容 (c) | 使 1 kg 物质温度变化 1 °C 所需的能量 |
| Temperature change (Δθ) | Difference between final and initial temperature | 温度变化 (Δθ) | 末温与初温之差 |
| Thermal capacity | Energy needed to raise the whole object by 1 °C (mass × c) | 热容 | 使整个物体温度升高 1 °C 所需的能量（质量 × c） |
| Insulation | A method of reducing the rate of energy transfer by heating | 隔热（绝缘） | 降低热传递速率的方法 |
4. Electrical Circuits and Charge | 电路与电荷
For electric current to flow, you need a complete circuit and a source of potential difference. Charge is a property of particles – electrons carry negative charge that moves easily through metals. ‘Current’ measures how much charge passes a point per second, and it is the same all the way round a single series loop.
要让电流流动，你需要一个完整的电路和一个电势差源。电荷是粒子的一种属性——电子带有负电荷，能在金属中轻松移动。“电流”衡量每秒钟通过某一点的电荷量，在单一串联回路中，各处电流大小相同。
| Term | English Meaning | 中文术语 | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electric current (I) | Rate of flow of electric charge (I = Q÷t) | 电流 (I) | 电荷流动的速率 (I = Q÷t) |
| Charge (Q) | Property of matter measured in coulombs (C) | 电荷 (Q) | 物质的一种属性，单位为库仑 (C) |
| Potential difference (V) | Energy transferred per unit charge between two points | 电势差（电压）(V) | 两点间每单位电荷转移的能量 |
| Resistance (R) | Opposition to the flow of current; ratio of p.d. to current | 电阻 (R) | 对电流流动的阻碍；电势差与电流之比 |
| Series circuit | Components connected in a single loop, same current everywhere | 串联电路 | 元件连成单一回路，各处电流相同 |
5. Current, Resistance and Potential Difference | 电流、电阻与电势差
The relationship between current, resistance and potential difference is given by Ohm’s law, written as V = I R. For a fixed resistor, current is directly proportional to potential difference at constant temperature. Components such as diodes and filament lamps do not follow Ohm’s law because their resistance changes.
电流、电阻和电势差之间的关系由欧姆定律给出，表示为 V = I R。对于固定电阻而言，在温度不变的条件下，电流与电势差成正比。但二极管和白炽灯等元件的电阻会变化，它们并不遵循欧姆定律。
V = I R
| Term | English Meaning | 中文术语 | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ohm’s law | V = I R for a resistor at constant temperature | 欧姆定律 | 恒温下电阻满足 V = I R |
| Ohmic conductor | A component whose resistance remains constant (straight-line I-V graph) | 欧姆导体 | 电阻保持不变的元件（I-V 图为直线） |
| Filament lamp | Resistance increases as temperature rises; curve on I-V graph | 白炽灯 | 温度升高电阻增大；I-V 图为曲线 |
| Diode | Allows current in one direction only; very high resistance in reverse | 二极管 | 只允许单向通电；反向电阻极大 |
| Thermistor | Resistance decreases as temperature increases | 热敏电阻 | 温度升高电阻减小 |
6. Power and Energy Transfers in Circuits | 电路中的功率与能量转移
Every appliance has a power rating telling you how much energy it transfers per second. In electrical circuits, power can be calculated using P = I V or P = I²R. The total energy transferred depends on both the power and the time the device is switched on for, following E = P t.
每一种用电器都有额定功率，它告诉你每秒钟转移多少能量。在电路中，功率可以用 P = I V 或 P = I²R 来计算。总转移能量取决于功率以及用电器处于工作状态的时间，符合 E = P t。
P = I V P = I²R E = P t
| Term | English Meaning | 中文术语 | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Power (P) | Rate of energy transfer, measured in watts (W) | 功率 (P) | 能量转移的速率，单位为瓦特 (W) |
| Energy transferred (E) | Power × time; measured in joules (J) or kilowatt-hours (kWh) | 转移的能量 (E) | 功率 × 时间；单位为焦耳 (J) 或千瓦时 (kWh) |
| Kilowatt-hour (kWh) | Energy used by a 1 kW device running for 1 hour; 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10⁶ J | 千瓦时 (kWh) | 1 kW 的设备运行 1 小时消耗的能量；1 kWh = 3.6 × 10⁶ J |
| Direct current (d.c.) | Current that flows in one direction only | 直流电 (d.c.) | 只沿单一方向流动的电流 |
7. Particle Model and Density | 粒子模型与密度
The particle model helps explain why solids, liquids and gases behave differently. Particles are constantly moving, and their arrangement and energy determine the state. Density links mass and volume and is a characteristic property of a material, unaffected by the amount of substance.
粒子模型有助于解释固体、液体和气体的不同行为。粒子总在不停地运动，它们的排列方式和能量大小决定了物质的状态。密度将质量和体积联系起来，是材料的一种特性，与物质的多少无关。
ρ = m ÷ V
| Term | English Meaning | 中文术语 | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Density (ρ) | Mass per unit volume; ρ = m ÷ V | 密度 (ρ) | 单位体积的质量；ρ = m ÷ V |
| Solid (particle model) | Particles vibrate in fixed positions, tightly packed in a regular pattern | 固体（粒子模型） | 粒子在固定位置上振动，紧密且规则排列 |
| Liquid (particle model) | Particles are close but can move past each other, taking the shape of the container | 液体（粒子模型） | 粒子排列紧密但能相互滑过，随容器形状变化 |
| Gas (particle model) | Particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions | 气体（粒子模型） | 粒子间距很大，向各个方向快速运动 |
8. Internal Energy and Changes of
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