📚 Year 10 AQA Physics: Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | AQA 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key terms in Year 10 AQA Physics is essential for describing concepts accurately and tackling exam questions with confidence. This guide breaks down the most important vocabulary across energy, electricity, particle model, atomic structure, and forces, pairing each definition with a clear explanation and memory aids.
掌握AQA物理中的关键术语，对于准确描述概念、自信应对考题至关重要。本指南梳理了能量、电学、粒子模型、原子结构和力等领域最重要的词汇，每条定义都配有清晰的解释和记忆技巧。
1. Energy Stores and Systems | 能量储存与系统
A system is a single object or a group of objects. In a closed system, no energy enters or leaves, so the total energy content remains constant. This principle underpins all energy transfers.
系统是一个物体或一组物体。在封闭系统中，没有能量进出，因此总能量保持不变。这一原理是所有能量转移的基础。
The eight energy stores defined by AQA are: kinetic energy (Eₖ), thermal energy, chemical energy, gravitational potential energy (Eₚ), elastic potential energy, nuclear energy, electrostatic energy, and magnetic energy. Kinetic energy depends on mass and speed (Eₖ = ½ m v²), while gravitational potential energy depends on mass, height, and gravitational field strength (Eₚ = m g h).
AQA定义的八种能量储存是：动能(Eₖ)、热能、化学能、重力势能(Eₚ)、弹性势能、核能、静电能和磁能。动能取决于质量和速度(Eₖ = ½ m v²)，重力势能取决于质量、高度和引力场强度(Eₚ = m g h)。
A quick mnemonic to remember the stores: ‘Kids That Care Help Every New Elephant Move’ (Kinetic, Thermal, Chemical, Gravitational, Elastic, Nuclear, Electrostatic, Magnetic).
记忆储存的速记口诀：’Kids That Care Help Every New Elephant Move’（动能、热能、化学能、重力势能、弹性势能、核能、静电、磁能）。
2. Energy Transfers and Work | 能量转移与做功
Energy is transferred between stores via four main pathways: mechanically (by a force doing work), electrically (by an electric current), by heating (due to a temperature difference), and by radiation (e.g. light, sound). These pathways are not energy stores themselves.
能量通过四种主要途径在储存之间转移：机械做功（力做功）、电力（电流）、加热（温差）和辐射（如光、声）。这些途径本身并不是能量储存。
Work is done when a force moves an object. The amount of work done is equal to the force multiplied by the distance moved in the direction of the force. This is a measure of energy transferred mechanically.
当一个力使物体移动时，力做了功。所做功的大小等于力乘以物体沿力的方向移动的距离。这是机械转移能量的量度。
W = F s
3. Power and Efficiency | 功率与效率
Power is the rate at which energy is transferred or work is done. A device with a high power rating transfers a large amount of energy per second. Power is measured in watts (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s.
功率是能量转移或做功的速率。额定功率高的设备每秒转移大量能量。功率以瓦特(W)为单位，1 W = 1 J/s。
P = E ÷ t
Efficiency describes how much of the total input energy is converted into useful output. It can be expressed as a decimal or multiplied by 100% to give a percentage. No device can exceed 100% efficiency.
效率描述了多少总输入能量转换为有用的输出。可以用小数表示，也可以乘以100%得到百分比。没有设备能超过100%的效率。
Efficiency = useful output energy transfer ÷ total input energy transfer
4. Electric Current and Potential Difference | 电流与电位差
Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge. In a metal, it is carried by moving electrons. Current is measured in amperes (A). The equation linking charge, current, and time is I = Q / t.
电流是电荷流动的速率。在金属中，由移动的电子携带。电流以安培(A)为单位。电荷、电流和时间的关系公式为 I = Q / t。
Potential difference (p.d.), often called voltage, is the energy transferred per unit charge passing between two points. It tells us how much energy each coulomb of charge delivers to a component. It is measured in volts (V).
电位差（常称为电压）是单位电荷通过两点时转移的能量。它告诉我们每库仑电荷向元件提供了多少能量。以伏特(V)为单位。
V = W ÷ Q
5. Resistance and Ohm’s Law | 电阻与欧姆定律
Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow. It is caused by collisions between moving electrons and the ions in the lattice. Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
电阻是衡量电流受阻程度的量。它由移动电子与晶格中离子的碰撞引起。电阻以欧姆(Ω)为单位。
Ohm’s law states that, for a resistor at constant temperature, the current through it is directly proportional to the potential difference across it. The equation R = V / I defines resistance.
欧姆定律指出，对于恒定温度下的电阻器，通过它的电流与其两端的电位差成正比。公式 R = V / I 定义了电阻。
R = V ÷ I
Resistance depends on several factors: a longer wire increases resistance, a thinner wire (smaller cross-sectional area) increases resistance, higher temperature usually increases resistance in metals, and the material type matters.
电阻取决于几个因素：导线越长电阻越大，导线越细（横截面积越小）电阻越大，温度升高通常使金属电阻增大，材料类型也有影响。
6. Density and the Particle Model | 密度与粒子模型
Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance. It tells us how tightly packed the matter is. The unit is typically kg/m³ or g/cm³. Dense materials have a large mass in a small volume.
密度是物质单位体积的质量。它表明物质堆积的紧密程度。单位通常是 kg/m³ 或 g/cm³。密度大的材料在较小体积内具有较大质量。
ρ = m ÷ V
The particle model explains why solids, liquids, and gases behave differently. In solids, particles are tightly packed in fixed positions and only vibrate. In liquids, particles are close but can flow over each other. In gases, particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions.
粒子模型解释了固体、液体和气体为何表现不同。在固体中，粒子紧密堆积在固定位置，只做振动。在液体中，粒子相互靠近但能相互滑过。在气体中，粒子相距很远，向各个方向快速运动。
Changes of state—like melting, freezing, boiling, and condensing—involve energy transfers without a change in temperature. Sublimation is the direct change from solid to gas.
状态变化——如熔化、凝固、沸腾和凝结——涉及能量转移而温度不变。升华是固体直接变为气体。
7. Internal Energy and Latent Heat | 内能与潜热
Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in a system. Heating a substance increases the internal energy: the temperature may rise, or the state may change while temperature stays constant.
内能是系统中所有粒子的动能和势能的总和。加热物质会提高内能：温度可能升高，或者温度保持不变而发生状态变化。
Specific heat capacity (c) is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. A material with a high specific heat capacity, like water, can store a lot of thermal energy.
比热容(c)是使1千克物质温度升高1 °C所需的能量。比热容高的材料（如水）可以储存大量热能。
ΔE = m c Δθ
Specific latent heat is the energy needed to change 1 kg of a substance from one state to another at constant temperature. Latent heat of fusion is for melting/freezing; latent heat of vaporisation is for boiling/condensing.
比潜热是使1千克物质在恒定温度下从一种状态变为另一种状态所需的能量。熔解潜热用于熔化/凝固；汽化潜热用于沸腾/凝结。
E = m L
8. Atomic Structure and Isotopes | 原子结构与同位素
An atom contains a tiny, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons arranged in shells. The nucleus houses protons (relative charge +1, relative mass 1) and neutrons (charge 0, relative mass 1). Electrons have a relative charge of −1 and a negligible mass.
原子含有一个微小的、致密的原子核，电子在其周围分层排布。原子核内有质子（相对电荷+1，相对质量1）和中子（电荷0，相对质量1）。电子的相对电荷为−1，质量可忽略。
The atomic number (Z) equals the number of protons in the nucleus and defines the element. The mass number (A) is the total number of protons plus neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same Z but different numbers of neutrons, hence different A.
原子序数(Z)等于原子核中的质子数，决定了元素种类。质量数(A)是质子数加中子数的总和。同位素是质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素原子，因此质量数不同。
An ion is formed when an atom gains or loses electrons. Gaining electrons creates a negative ion; losing electrons creates a positive ion. The number of protons stays the same.
离子是原子得到或失去电子后形成的。得到电子形成负离子；失去电子形成正离子。质子数保持不变。
9. Radioactive Decay and Half-Life | 放射性衰变与半衰期
Some atomic nuclei are unstable and undergo radioactive decay, randomly emitting radiation to become more stable. The main types are alpha (α) particles, beta (β) particles, and gamma (γ) rays. Alpha particles are helium nuclei (⁴₂He), beta particles are fast electrons (⁰₋₁e), and gamma is electromagnetic radiation.
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