📚 Year 10 CAIE French: Core Knowledge Review | Year 10 CAIE 法语：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your Year 10 CAIE French core knowledge review. This article summarises the essential grammar, vocabulary, and skills you need to master for IGCSE French. By focusing on key tenses, sentence structures, common topics, and exam strategies, you will build a solid foundation for the final assessments.
欢迎来到 Year 10 CAIE 法语核心知识点梳理。本文总结了 IGCSE 法语必须掌握的重要语法、词汇和技能。通过对关键时态、句型结构、常见话题及考试策略的集中学习，你将为最终评估打下坚实基础。
1. Present Tense & Common Verb Conjugations | 现在时与常用动词变位
The present tense is used to describe habits, current states, and general facts. Regular -er verbs conjugate by removing -er and adding -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent. For example, parler: je parle, tu parles, il/elle parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent.
现在时用于描述习惯、当前状态和普遍事实。规则 -er 动词去掉 -er，分别加 -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent。例如 parler: je parle, tu parles, il/elle parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent.
Regular -ir verbs (e.g. finir) follow: je finis, tu finis, il/elle finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils/elles finissent. Regular -re verbs (e.g. vendre): je vends, tu vends, il/elle vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils/elles vendent.
规则 -ir 动词（如 finir）变位：je finis, tu finis, il/elle finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils/elles finissent。规则 -re 动词（如 vendre）：je vends, tu vends, il/elle vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils/elles vendent。
Essential irregular verbs: etre (je suis, tu es, il est, nous sommes, vous etes, ils sont), avoir (j’ai, tu as, il a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont), aller (je vais, tu vas, il va, nous allons, vous allez, ils vont), faire (je fais, tu fais, il fait, nous faisons, vous faites, ils font). Pouvoir (je peux), vouloir (je veux), devoir (je dois) are also high-frequency.
核心不规则动词：etre (我是), avoir (我有), aller (我去), faire (我做) 以及 pouvoir (我能), vouloir (我想), devoir (我必须) 需熟记其变位。
2. The Near Future & Simple Future | 最近将来时与简单将来时
The near future (futur proche) is formed with the present tense of aller + infinitive. It expresses what is going to happen. E.g. Je vais regarder la tele. (I am going to watch TV.)
最近将来时由 aller 的现在时加上动词不定式构成，表示即将发生的动作。例如：Je vais regarder la tele. (我要看电视。)
The simple future (futur simple) adds endings -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont to the infinitive (for -er and -ir verbs) or to an irregular stem. Common irregular stems: etre → ser-, avoir → aur-, aller → ir-, faire → fer-, pouvoir → pourr-, vouloir → voudr-, devoir → devr-, voir → verr-.
简单将来时在不定式（-er/-ir 动词）或不规则词干上加词尾 -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont。常见不规则词干：etre: ser-, avoir: aur-, aller: ir-, faire: fer-, pouvoir: pourr-, vouloir: voudr-, devoir: devr-, voir: verr-。
The near future is common in spoken French and implies more immediacy; the simple future is often used in writing and for more distant plans.
最近将来时多用于口语，暗示更紧迫；简单将来时常用于书面和较远的计划。
3. Imperfect & Perfect Tense | 未完成过去时与复合过去时
The imperfect (imparfait) describes ongoing or habitual past actions, descriptions, and background circumstances. It is formed by taking the nous form of the present tense, dropping -ons, and adding -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. E.g. Je regardais (I was watching).
未完成过去时描述过去持续或习惯的动作、描述和背景情况。构成：取现在时 nous 形式，去掉 -ons，加上词尾 -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。例如：Je regardais (我正在看)。
The perfect tense (passe compose) expresses completed actions in the past. It uses the auxiliary verb (etre or avoir) in the present tense + past participle. Most verbs use avoir. A group of verbs (mainly movement and reflexive verbs) use etre, and the past participle agrees with the subject. E.g. Je suis alle(e); J’ai mange.
复合过去时表示过去完成的动作。构成：助动词 (etre 或 avoir) 现在时 + 过去分词。大多数动词用 avoir。一组表示移动和自反的动词用 etre，且过去分词与主语性数配合。例如：Je suis alle(e); J’ai mange。
Use imparfait for background description (weather, emotions) and ongoing actions, passe compose for specific completed events. Often they work together: ‘Il pleuvait quand je suis sorti.’
描述背景（天气、情感）和持续性动作用未完成过去时；特定完成的事件用复合过去时。常一起使用：“当时下雨，我出去了”。
4. Possessive & Qualifying Adjectives | 主有形容词与品质形容词
Possessive adjectives agree with the noun they describe, not the owner. Mon/ton/son before masculine singular, ma/ta/sa before feminine singular, but mon/ton/son are used before feminine nouns beginning with a vowel or h muet. Plural forms: mes, tes, ses, nos, vos, leurs.
主有形容词与被修饰名词的性数一致，而非所有者。阳性单数用 mon/ton/son，阴性单数用 ma/ta/sa，但在元音或哑音 h 开头的阴性名词前用 mon/ton/son。复数形式：mes, tes, ses, nos, vos, leurs。
Qualifying adjectives normally come after the noun, but certain short and common adjectives precede the noun (B.A.G.S. – Beauty, Age, Goodness, Size). They must agree in gender and number with the noun. Example: un beau garcon, une belle fille, des beaux garcons, des belles filles.
品质形容词通常置于名词后，但某些简短常用词前置（美丑、年龄、好坏、大小）。他们必须与名词性数配合。例如：un beau garcon, une belle fille, des beaux garcons, des belles filles。
5. Negation Structures | 否定结构
The basic negation is ne…pas placed around the conjugated verb. In compound tenses, ne…pas goes around the auxiliary. E.g. Je ne mange pas; Je n’ai pas mange. With infinitives, ne pas goes before the infinitive: Ne pas fumer.
基本否定形式 ne…pas 围绕变位动词。复合时态中，ne…pas 围绕助动词。例如：Je ne mange pas；Je n’ai pas mange。不定式中 ne pas 置于不定式前：Ne pas fumer。
Other negatives: ne…jamais (never), ne…plus (no more), ne…rien (nothing), ne…personne (nobody), ne…que (only). Note the position: rien and personne can follow the auxiliary in compound tenses: Je n’ai rien vu; Je n’ai vu personne.
其他否定：ne…jamais (从不), ne…plus (不再), ne…rien (没什么), ne…personne (没人), ne…que (仅仅)。注意 rien 和 personne 在复合时态中位于助动词之后：Je n’ai rien vu; Je n’ai vu personne。
6. Forming Questions | 疑问句形式
Three main ways: 1) Intonation: simply raise the voice at the end; Tu aimes le sport? 2) Est-ce que: Est-ce que tu aimes le sport? 3) Inversion: invert subject and verb, Aimes-tu le sport? Note the hyphen and the added -t- between vowels: A-t-il un chien?
三种主要方式：1) 语调：句末升调；Tu aimes le sport? 2) 用 Est-ce que: Est-ce que tu aimes le sport? 3) 倒装：主语与动词倒装，Aimes-tu le sport? 注意连字符，且在元音间加 -t-：A-t-il un chien?
Question words (quand, comment, pourquoi, ou, qui, que/quoi, combien) can be placed before est-ce que, at the start of an inverted question, or after the verb in informal speech. E.g. Ou est-ce que tu vas? Ou vas-tu? Tu vas ou?
疑问词（何时，如何，为什么，哪里，
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